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Assessment – Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam to Detect Macronutrient Deficiencies
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Muscle atrophy is defined as a reduction in muscle mass, which can be a partial or significant loss.16 Muscle atrophy occurs when the body loses protein at an excessive rate while protein synthesis is diminished and where catabolism exceeds synthesis. Muscle loss is commonly observed in disease-related malnutrition, particularly in diseases such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, chronic renal failure, gastrointestinal disorders, and severe burns. Muscle atrophy can also occur due to reduced physical activity, immobility, poor nutritional intake, increased energy and protein needs, and decreased nutrient utilization or absorption. Muscle weakness and atrophy may also develop during the course of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is termed “intensive care unit acquired weakness”.17,18 One study has shown that when patients are admitted and treated in the ICU for 7–10 days, the incidence of ICU-induced muscle weakness increases by 24–55%.18
Bone Regeneration Effect of Cassia occidentalis Linn. Extract and Its Isolated Compounds
Published in Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay, Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Cassia, 2021
Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay
Self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) is an efficient mode for improving the bioavailability of poorly absorbed compounds often present in phytoextracts. A lipid-based SEDDS of CBE was found to enhance the bioavailabilities of apigenin, isovitexin, THF, luteolin and emodin along with the increase in the skeletal effect. However, CBE at 100 mg/kg dose increased osteogenic effect, the SEDDS formulated CBE achieved the same effect at 50 mg/kg (Pal et al., 2020). The study also found that MP treatment significantly suppressed osteocyte markers including dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP-1) and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), and SEDDS formulated CBE maintained their expression (Pal et al., 2020). Muscle atrophy is another signature of GC treatment and we found that SEDDS-formulated CBE significantly improved muscle structure and prevented muscle atrophy. Reports also showed that SEDDS-formulated CBE did not alter the anti-inflammatory effect of MP (Pal et al., 2020). These studies established CO extract and its related formulation as an effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment of GC-induced osteo-sarcopenia.
Football as Medicine against cardiovascular disease
Published in Peter Krustrup, Daniel Parnell, Football as Medicine, 2019
Magni Mohr, Peter Riis Hansen, Felipe Lobelo, Lars Nybo, Zoran Milanović, Peter Krustrup
Lower limbs arterial insufficiency, such as symptomatic ischaemia in the legs, is a chronic obstructive disease in the aorta below the outlet of the renal arteries, the iliac artery and the arteries in the legs provoked by atherosclerosis (Pedersen and Saltin 2015). Peripheral arteriosclerotic disease increases with increasing age, and since conventional medical treatment of the condition has poor outcome exercise training is a major component in the treatment (TASC 2000). When the condition develops and becomes severe, the patients experience a marked impairment in function level and deterioration of quality of life. Patients often have increasing pain when walking and the exercise anxiety, may gradually cause physical inactivity and social isolation. This further leads to deterioration of physical ability and the progression of atherosclerosis, reduced muscle strength and muscle atrophy. Thus, exercise training should be applied to counteract this negative spiral and target the pathogenesis of the condition by increasing training status and muscle strength, changing pain perception, reducing the degree of exercise anxiety and preventing the progression of the disease.
Insight into the role of myokines and myogenic regulatory factors under hypobaric hypoxia induced skeletal muscle loss
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Sukanya Srivastava, Richa Rathor, Som Nath Singh, Geetha Suryakumar
Skeletal muscle is the largest and most adaptable organ of the human body and it constitutes approximately 30% of body mass in women and 40% of body mass in men. Skeletal muscle engages with propulsion and posture and the interaction between muscle and bone result into mechanical loading for sustaining support of body posture and to ease various movements (Pedersen and Febbraio 2012, Cardozo and Graham 2017). Skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with number of pathophysiological conditions such as muscle disuse, diabetes, obesity, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cancer (Peterson et al. 2014, Huh 2018). Number of reports suggested that abnormal myokine profile and their signalling pathway is associated with these atrophic conditions (Chen et al.2006, Ellies et al.2013, Tian et al. 2017).
Body composition and metabolic parameters in men with chronic traumatic paraplegia – A pilot study from India
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2022
Kalyani Sridharan, Shipra Rachna Singh, Kripa Elizabeth Cherian, Nitin Kapoor, Jane Elizabeth, Judy Ann John, Nihal Thomas, Thomas V. Paul
The immediate and profound skeletal muscle atrophy that follows SCI results in a decrease in lean mass below the level of injury.6 Studies have demonstrated lower fat-free mass and higher fat mass post SCI in comparison to able-bodied individuals in spite of similar BMIs.7 This decline in lean mass correlates inversely with age and duration of injury and depends on the level and completeness of injury.8 A more complete and a higher level of injury causes a greater decline in lean mass. Subjects with tetraplegia have a reduced lean mass in the upper limbs compared to those with paraplegia.5 The loss of metabolically active muscle mass combined with physical inactivity due to the disability decreases the basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure resulting in obesity.9
Effect of rehabilitation on biologic and transcriptomic responses after hospital-acquired deconditioning: a prospective longitudinal feasibility study
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Odette Laneuville, Lynda Rocheleau, Daniel Chan Chun Kong, Martin Pelchat, Guy Trudel
Clinically available biological markers such as heart rate and weight can inform on the level of cardiac or nutritional deconditioning, respectively to guide rehabilitation. However, characterizing HAD patients at the molecular level constitutes a novel and promising approach. Gene expression technology has to our knowledge never been applied to the HAD rehabilitation population. Gene expression pathways and molecular markers of deconditioning could complement the functional measures. Transcriptome profiling allowed finding numerous molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various human diseases but have not been used in rehabilitation [16]. In healthy participants to bed rest investigations, muscle transcriptome data indicated that skeletal muscle dysregulation may be driven by alterations in molecules related to fibrosis, inflammation, and cell adhesion [17]. While this information may help prevent and treat disuse muscle atrophy, muscle biopsies are required, and less invasive methods are now available. Serial analyses of the leukocyte transcriptome of HAD patients can display the full RNA transcription of the human genome over the course of rehabilitation [18,19]. Thus, leukocyte transcriptome analyses may allow the minimally invasive identification of markers and pathways that are influenced by the rehabilitation intervention. Transcriptomic and biological information on HAD patients could guide the rehabilitation program and improve outcomes as measured by FIM gain and efficiency as well as length of stay (LOS) and cost.