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Assessment – Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam to Detect Macronutrient Deficiencies
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Muscle atrophy is defined as a reduction in muscle mass, which can be a partial or significant loss.16 Muscle atrophy occurs when the body loses protein at an excessive rate while protein synthesis is diminished and where catabolism exceeds synthesis. Muscle loss is commonly observed in disease-related malnutrition, particularly in diseases such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, chronic renal failure, gastrointestinal disorders, and severe burns. Muscle atrophy can also occur due to reduced physical activity, immobility, poor nutritional intake, increased energy and protein needs, and decreased nutrient utilization or absorption. Muscle weakness and atrophy may also develop during the course of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is termed “intensive care unit acquired weakness”.17,18 One study has shown that when patients are admitted and treated in the ICU for 7–10 days, the incidence of ICU-induced muscle weakness increases by 24–55%.18
Caring for people with impaired mobility
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Rowena Slope, Katherine Hopkinson
Disuse of muscles leads to atrophy and loss of muscle mass and strength. It is estimated that 12% of muscle strength can be lost each week with atrophy occurring after only 72 h of immobility, and after one week of bedrest up to 40% of muscle strength is lost (Knight et al. 2019b). The lack of muscle activity causes degenerative changes involving the release of calcium from the bones (osteoporosis), with loss of bone density. A study of 10 healthy men found that deconditioning of the muscles and bone loss occurred after 5 weeks of bedrest and was not fully reversed after 4 weeks of active weight-bearing, which highlights the importance of exercise and early mobilisation (Berg et al. 2007).
Approach to Neuromyopathy
Published in Maher Kurdi, Neuromuscular Pathology Made Easy, 2021
Chronic hemophilic patients were also found to have neuromyopathic change. Predominant type II atrophy is seen in most of these patients. Diabetic amyotrophy can also present with predominant neuropathic change associated with only minimal myopathic change.
Didanosine-induced Retinopathy: New Insights with Long-term Follow-up
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Céline Faure, Maxime Chassery, Raphaëlle Ores, Isabelle Audo
Didanosine-induced retinopathy present various chorioretinal atrophic lesions predominant in the mid-periphery. Even after drug cessation, we observed an extension of the atrophy in 3 out of 5 patients. Interestingly, progression rates of atrophy seemed to depend on baseline lesion size, multifocality and autofluorescence pattern: when didanosine was stopped early with only speckled alteration of the autofluorescence the progression rate was slow, whereas progression speed was faster when atrophic lesions were large at baseline. We recommend a follow-up period, after didanosine discontinuation, to document disease progression even for early stages of toxic retinopathy. We would like to underline that our study has limitations including its small sample size, its retrospective design, some missing data and the lack of complete neuro-ophthalmologic investigations for all patients.
An examination of historical control histopathology metadata from 51 Amphibian Metamorphosis Assays
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Jeffrey C. Wolf, Adriana C. Bejarano, Douglas J. Fort, James R. Wheeler
The term atrophy itself may also be a misnomer in the context of the AMA. Atrophy is defined conventionally as the “reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number” (Kumar et al. 2015). It is evident that this classic definition pertains to a reduction in organ size that occurs in an individual over time; in contrast, the OGD definition of thyroid atrophy involves decreased organ size in treated frogs relative to the control population. However, for developing frogs diagnosed with chemically-induced thyroid atrophy, it is possible, and perhaps more plausible, that their thyroids never attained the size of their cohort controls, and therefore did not experience a reduction in thyroid size caused by cell loss or shrinkage. If so, that particular pathogenesis would be more consistent with a diagnosis of “relative hypoplasia” or “delayed thyroid development” rather than true atrophy. Although seemingly minor, this definitional difference could confound the mechanistic interpretation of chemical effects in AMA studies.
The effect of sitting position changes from pedaling rehabilitation on muscle activity
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Lu Zongxing, Wei Xiangwen, You Shengxian
With the improvement of living standards, people are more enthusiastic about sports, but injuries are inevitable during these activities. At the same time, car ownership and traffic accidents are increasing, leading to an increase in the number of people with lower limb injuries. Generally, these injured patients need long-term bed rehabilitation, which may lead to muscle disuse atrophy (Dirks et al. 2016). Muscle disuse atrophy is defined as the most direct change in muscle morphology and structure when it is in the state of disuse. The main features of disuse atrophy are muscle volume reduction, muscle weight loss, muscle fiber thinning or even disappearance, and muscle strength decline. The atrophy state of different muscle groups is different in the same patient (Psatha et al. 2012). For the recovery of muscle function, exercise rehabilitation measures are also important, in addition to surgical treatment and medical treatment.