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Spinal Cord Disease
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Sensory findings may include subtle or asymptomatic loss of vibration. Endocrinologically, patients may show: Gynecomastia (may be asymptomatic).Testicular atrophy.Oligospermia with reduced fertility.
The Infertile Male
Published in Arianna D'Angelo, Nazar N. Amso, Ultrasound in Assisted Reproduction and Early Pregnancy, 2020
Thoraya Ammar, C. Jason Wilkins, Dean C.Y. Huang, Paul S. Sidhu
Testicular atrophy is associated with reduced spermatogenesis and a reduction in fertility. Atrophy may occur following previous inflammation, with liver cirrhosis, with estrogen treatment, with hypopituitary disorders, and normally with aging. On ultrasound, there is a global reduction in the volume of the testis (Figure 7.13). A decrease in both testicular reflectivity and vascularity are common findings. The epididymis usually appears normal [5].
Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Jirat Chenbhanich, Sirisak Chanprasert, Wisit Cheungpasitporn
Genitourinary: Approximately 28%–61% of BWS patients have benign genitourinary anomalies including nephromegaly, collecting system abnormalities, cryptorchidism, inguinal hernia, cystic or dysplastic changes, nephrocalcinosis, and nephrolithiasis; some features may persist in adulthood [3,56,58,59]. Presence of nephromegaly or nephrogenic rests increases the risk of Wilms tumor. Children with ICR1 hypermethylation almost consistently have genitourinary anomalies, with nephromegaly being reported in all patients and collecting system abnormalities in half of them [58]. Approximately one-fifth develop urinary tract infections which may be complicated by severe sepsis [58]. Intrauterine vesicoureteral reflex with subsequent hydroureter can result in polyhydramnios [47]. Although hyper- or hypocalcemia do not characterize the syndrome, hypercalciuria was reported in 22% of the patients and can lead to its complications such as nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis [59]. Cryptorchidism is commonly observed in children with BWS and is associated with abdominal wall defects. During adulthood, abnormal testicular functions such as impaired spermatogenesis and testicular atrophy, both of which potentially leading to infertility, have been reported [56].
Does severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause orchitis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2020
Hassan Alkhatatbeh, Dima Alzaghari, Abdelrazaq Alkhashman, Mohammed Azab, Ghazi M. Al Edwan, Mohammad Abufaraj
Several investigators pointed out the potential effect of SARS-CoV-2 on testicular tissue based on the presence of ACE2 receptors in the testis. The authors highlighted the importance of clinical assessment of patients with COVID-19 for this possible effect [4,5]. In 2006, Xu et al. [8] published a post-mortem histopathological study in multiple organs of six patients, who died from SARS-CoV in China, and the study showed that germ cells of the testis were significantly affected with lymphocytic and macrophages infiltration and fibrosis, indicating orchitis in all specimens. Data from another post-mortem study reported focal testicular atrophy in five of seven patients without cellular infiltrate. Similar to previous reports, viral particles were not detected by in situ hybridisation (ISH) or electron microscopy in the testis [7]. While the authors detected the viral particles in organs such as parathyroid and pituitary glands, they did not detect it in the testis using ISH [7]. Such data might indicate an inflammatory response rather than direct viral invasion [6].
L-Carnitine and Potential Protective Effects Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Noncardiac Organs: From Experimental Data to Potential Clinical Applications
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Azadeh Moghaddas, Simin Dashti-Khavidaki
I/R injury in the testis has mostly been reported during testicular torsion, a urological syndrome caused mainly by a twist in the spermatic cord. Mammalian testes are highly sensitive to oxidative damage. Testicular torsion and detorsion-induced I/R insult is associated with overgeneration of ROS and reactive nitrogen species and can result in permanent injury and infertility. Events occurring during testicular I/R injury are the same as those observed in other organs. It seems that damage from reperfusion is more severe than that induced by ischemia. However, mechanisms responsible for testicular damage have not yet been fully clarified. Some proposed mechanisms during testicular I/R include elevation of ROS production, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and induction of transcription of growth factors such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and vascular endothelial growth factor, triggering apoptotic machinery and generation of several inflammatory cytokines. This pathologic cascade results in testicular atrophy and impairs spermatogenesis.
Role of reactive oxygen species in male infertility: An updated review of literature
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2018
Hillary Wagner, Julie W. Cheng, Edmund Y. Ko
Industrial exposures, although uncommon, are a cause of increased ROS production and sperm DNA damage. Exposure to heavy metals (e.g., cadmium, lead, iron, and copper), pesticides, phthalate, and pollution can lead to sperm damage [7]. Multiple studies link industrial exposure with decreased sperm function and increased DNA damage, but not all of these effects can be attributed solely to ROS. Pesticides and phthalates not only induce oxidative stress, but can also disrupt the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in animal models [17]. Inhibition of the GnRH inhibits the release of LH and FSH. This results in inhibition of gametogenesis and steroidogenesis, leading to deleterious effects on sperm function as well as testicular atrophy.