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Resveratrol-Loaded Phytomedicines for Management of Cancer
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Shakir Saleem, Ruqaiyah Khan, Sandeep Arora
Progression of tumor implies the growth in size and increase in a number of cells in the tumor. This progression implicates various processes such as that lead to tumor metastasis. It has been seen that several genes are mutated or deleted physiologically that sustain the development of aggressive tumors. The invasion of healthy cells and metastasis of cancerous cells include the destruction of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the basement membrane, by proteolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Out of all these enzymes, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are highly expressed within different types of malignant tumors modifying the cellular invasion and its metastatic properties (Nelson et al., 2000). Tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase proteins (TIMPs), on the other hand, are a protein group comprising TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 acting as natural MMP inhibitors (Jinga et al., 2006). Invasive tumors require new blood vessels which are fulfilled via angiogenesis. During the process of angiogenesis, endo-thelial cells can be activated by several growth factors, like fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and VEGF. Obstructing the development of newly formed blood vessels causes the supply of nutrients and oxygen to be reduced and, as a result, the size of the tumor and metastasis may also be reduced (see Table 12.3).
Hyaluronidase and Gelatinase (MMP-2, MMP-9) Inhibitor Plants
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Assessment of Medicinal Plants for Human Health, 2020
C. Donmez, G. D. Durbilmez, H. El-Seedi, U. Koca-Caliskan
Although both have substantial effects, level of HA and gelatin in the skin decreases due to aging, improper diet, stress, and various external factors, such as sunlight, wind, irritation, injury, and cigarette smoke. The degradation of HA and gelatin is undesirable in terms of maintaining vitality and flexibility of the skin. “Replacement therapy”, “increasing the synthesis of the related enzymes”, and “inhibiting their disintegration” on the skin are some of the solutions to keep the level of the enzymes at desirable levels. “Hyaluronidase” is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of HA. “Gelatinase A and B” (also known as “matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9”) are members of the matrix metalloproteinase enzyme family to catalyze the degradation of gelatin.
Regulation of Eosinophil Mediator Release by Adhesion Molecules
Published in Bruce S. Bochner, Adhesion Molecules in Allergic Disease, 2020
Eosinophil collagenase degrades type I and type III collagen, the two major connective tissue components of human lung parenchyma (34,35). Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, it was demonstrated that eosinophils are a major source of a 92-kD matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (gelatinase B) in basal cell carcinoma lesions (36,37). Recently, this gelatinase was localized to eosinophils infiltrating into the lesions of patients with bullous pemphigoid (38), and it cleaved the type XVII collagen, a transmembrane molecule of the epidermal hemidesmosome, suggesting that production and release of gelatinase by eosinophils contributes to tissue damage of bullous pemphigoid. Because the MMP-9 also degrades tissue matrix proteins, such as type IV collagen, proteoglycans, and possibly laminin (39), this protease may play a role in the pathophysiology of asthma.
Rongjin Niantong Fang ameliorates cartilage degeneration by regulating the SDF-1/CXCR4-p38MAPK signalling pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Jun Chen, Nan Chen, Ting Zhang, Jie Lin, Yunmei Huang, Guangwen Wu
In normal conditions, articular chondrocytes and extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation are dynamic equilibrium. When an imbalance disrupts the state, protease MMPs can degrade and destroy the extracellular matrix (Rai et al. 2019). MMP-3 is a zinc ion-dependent enzyme that degrades extracellular matrix components, and its overexpression promotes the disintegration of cartilage framework structures, which can be used as a reference index to assess the severity of OA (Li et al. 2013; Park et al. 2017). MMP-13 is strongly degraded in degenerated cartilage (Long and Loeser 2010) and promotes the production of MMP-9 to degrade extracellular matrix (Wang et al. 2019). In normal joints, the expression of MMPs is at a low level, while in OA, the expression of MMPs is greatly increased.
Effect of omalizumab on bronchoalveolar lavage matrix metalloproteinases in severe allergic asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Weronika Zastrzeżyńska, Stanisława Bazan-Socha, Marek Przybyszowski, Agnieszka Gawlewicz-Mroczka, Bogdan Jakieła, Hanna Plutecka, Lech Zaręba, Jacek Musiał, Krzysztof Okoń, Krzysztof Sładek, Jerzy Soja
MMPs play an essential role in the degradation of all ECM proteins (4). Thus, they are involved in numerous immunological and physiological processes, such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, tissue growth, wound healing, and inflammatory response (5). One of the essential functions of MMPs, particularly MMP-2 and MMP-9, is collagen type IV degradation, a primary component of the vascular basement membrane. Hence, they facilitate leukocyte migration into the inflammatory loci, local tumor growth, and cancer metastases (5). It has been demonstrated that MMP-2 and MMP-9 participate in asthma pathologies, such as airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling (2). Increased MMP-9 concentrations have been reported in the subepithelial basement membrane, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) of severe asthmatics and airway allergen challenge results in its further release (6). Noteworthy, the concentration of MMP-9 was related to the number of neutrophils and macrophages in BAL (7).
Value of silicone gel in prevention of cobblestoning following punch minigrafting in vitiligo
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Tag Anbar, Talal Abd El Raheem, Dalia Ahmed Bassiouny, Marwa Mohamed Fawzy, Zeinab El Maadawi, Noha Farouk, Mohamed Hassan
MMP-9 could possibly help the migration of melanocyte precursors (melanoblasts) from the outer root sheath of hair follicles or of melanocytes from the margins of vitiligo lesions into clinically depigmented epidermis producing repigmentation (20). MMP-9 may also have a role in keloid and hypertrophic scar development. MMP-9 is involved in early tissue repair and could participate in several key areas of wound healing (21). Decreased activity of MMP-9 in keloids and hypertrophic scars was reported by Neely et al. (22) MMP-9 in our study was lower in vitiligo versus the non-lesional skin without statistical significance. This is in agreement with Kumar et al. who measured MMP-9 levels in vitro in cultured melanocytes and found that the activity of MMP-9 was absent in melanocytes from vitiligo cases compared to the control melanocytes. They documented the absence of Ets-1 expression in vitiligo melanocytes which could possibly decrease MMP-9 expression.