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A Review on L-Asparaginase
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Collagenase aids in the treatment of burns and skin ulcers. It helps to lyse and remove dead skin and dead tissue, thereby helping the repair mechanism. This ultimately improves the action of antibiotics to work better in improving the individual’s healing process (Ostlie et al., 2012). Lipase helps in the treatment of digestive disorders. By activating the tumor necrosis factor, they can be used in the treatment of malignant tumors. Disorders like dyspepsia, gastrointestinal disturbances and digestive allergies are treated with lipase enzymes. Lipase obtained from Candida rugosa is used to produce lovastatin, a drug that has the ability to decrease serum-level cholesterol. The hydrolysis of 3-phenylglycidic acid ester is a key intermediate in the production of diltiazem hydrochloride. It is more commonly used as a coronary vasodilator and is synthesized from Serratia marcescens lipase.
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency: Wolman disease/cholesteryl ester storage disease
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
Acid lipase replacement therapy has been found safe and effective in 66 patients in a phase 3 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial [71]. The primary end point was reversion to normal of ALT. The lipase was administered IV at 1 mg/kg every other week for 20 weeks, followed by 16 weeks of open-label drug. Mean change in ALT from baseline was -58 u/L. LDL and HDL cholesterol improved significantly.
Atherosclerosis
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Chylomicrons are present in the plasma in excessive amounts but the lipoprotein bands are normal in Type I hyperlipoproteinemia or familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, due to molecular defects of lipoprotein lipase activity.464 This disorder is associated with removal of exogenous or dietary fat from the plasma. The elevated triglyceride levels are probably due to the inability to clear chylomicrons resulting from low plasma postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity (Figure 34). The activity of other lipases is apparently normal. This condition may be corrected therefore by reducing the dietary intake of fat. High carbohydrate diets can also increase VLDL due to conversion of carbohydrate to lipids in the liver.
COVID-19 and hyperglycaemic emergencies: perspectives from a developing country
Published in Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 2022
Raisa Bhikoo, Marli Conradie-Smit, Gerhard Van Wyk, Sa’ad Lahri, Elizabeth Du Plessis, Jaco Cilliers, Susan Hugo, Ankia Coetzee
Concomitant acute pancreatitis should be considered in DKA with severe abdominal pain. Abdominal pain was a common symptom in our series. Two cases were demonstrated to have elevated lipase levels. It is well known that lipase and amylase can be increased in DKA, and lipase levels as high as 2000–3500 IU/l have been described without pancreatic pathology on imaging with normalisation after resolution of DKA.31 However, pancreatitis as a result of direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 has also been reported, and clinicians should consider the possibility of this in the appropriate clinical setting.32–35 ACE 2 is widely expressed in the pancreas, yet only mild pancreatitis has been described in patients with severe COVID-19, suggesting that the endocrine pancreas might be affected disproportionally.36
Oral delivery of solid lipid nanoparticles: underlining the physicochemical characteristics and physiological condition affecting the lipolysis rate
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Mohammad Mahmoudian, Solmaz Maleki Dizaj, Sara Salatin, Raimar Löbenberg, Maryam Saadat, Ziba Islambulchilar, Hadi Valizadeh, Parvin Zakeri-Milani
Digestion of dietary lipid is initiated by lingual lipase, which is secreted by a serous gland in the mouth and continued in the stomach. And, 5–40% of total triacylglycerols (TAGs) are converted into free fatty acids (FFAs), diacylglycerols (DAGs), and monoacylglycerols (MAGs) by gastric lipases [72–75]. Most of the orally administered lipids are mainly hydrolyzed in the small intestine. Digestive juices of small intestine contain different types of lipases: human pancreatic lipase (HPL), colipase, carboxy ester hydrolase (CEH), Pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PPA2), two human pancreatic lipase-related proteins (HPLRP1 and HPLRP2), and endogenous biosurfactants including bile salts, and phospholipids. In the small intestine, 70–90% of TAGs are hydrolyzed into DAGs, MAGs, and FFAs by HPL. 40–70% of total TAGs are converted into two molecules of FFAs and one molecule of 2-monoglyceride (2-MG). The resulted 2-MGs are hydrolyzed by CEH and PLRP 2 to yield a third FA and glycerol [7,24,72,75]. The point that should be noticed is lipolysis occurs at the lipid-water interface of the lipids. Colipase, as a cofactor of HPL, forms a complex with HPL and facilitates its adsorption onto the surface of the lipids [7,75,76]. Colipase and colipase/lipase complex require a hydrophobic area of 1.5–5 and 9 nm2, respectively, to form a lipid–water interface binding site [76]. The resulted monoglycerides and FAs, as lipolysis products, leave the surface of the lipid droplets and form mixed micelles with endogenous biosurfactants; phospholipids, and bile salts that are secreted by the liver [24,75].
Targeting the intestinal lymphatic system: a versatile path for enhanced oral bioavailability of drugs
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
Renuka Suresh Managuli, Sushil Yadaorao Raut, Meka Sreenivasa Reddy, Srinivas Mutalik
The mechanism involved in uptake of lipid formulations into ILS is not yet clearly established. However, it has been hypothesized that these lipid formulations like diet lipid stimulate the synthesis of chylomicron and the drug get associated with these chylomicrons leading to its uptake into ILS via lacteal. The detailed mechanism involved in lipid absorption through ILS from the intestinal lumen is as follows: The lipids in the small intestine are acted upon by bile salt and pancreatic lipase which are mixed with the chyme. Bile acids by virtue of their amphiphillic nature, promote the emulsification of lipids, wherein hydrophobic part of bile acid interacts with lipid bilayer and hydrophilic part shields the surface of large lipid aggregates leading to its breakdown into smaller version. Pancreatic lipase then acts on the surface of triglyceride and breaks into monoglyceride and fatty acids. Unless the triglycerides are broken into monoglycerides and fatty acids, there will be reduced absorption of lipid and this strategy is used in the treatment of obesity using drugs such as ‘Orlistat’ which inhibits pancreatic lipase.