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Nanoparticles from Marine Biomaterials for Cancer Treatment
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Biocompatible, anti-inflammatory, biodegradable, nonimmunogenic, and nontoxic characteristics of hyaluronan (HA) have boosted its use in a variety of sectors. Considerable research has been done to investigate the therapeutic and potential applications of hyaluronans, and they have been used in various biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Because of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of HA, it can be used in drug delivery systems to treat cancer.
Introduction and Review of Biological Background
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Synovial fluid is produced by synoviocytes and consists mainly of a plasma filtrate with few or no proteins above 150,000 Da and a protein content (mostly albumin) of 1.5 to 2 g/dl. In addition to lubricin, a glycoprotein that helps lubricate joint surfaces, the major feature of synovial fluid is hyaluronate. Synovial fluid is viscous and slimy from an approximately 0.2% solution of hyaluronate, a long, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan. Hyaluronate helps to reduce friction in joints, allowing easy movement of joints without excessive wear. The friction coefficient of synovial joints is 0.003 to 0.015, compared to 0.02 for an ice skate on ice, and 1 for automobile tires on the road. Synovial fluid is probably the major route for nutritional supply to cartilage and chondrocytes. As such, the gel-like properties of hyaluronate solutions influence the passage of large molecules and proteins. Small molecules and ions, such as oxygen, glucose, and calcium, are free to diffuse through the hyaluronate gel.
Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Sonia Trehan, Rose Soskind, Jemima Moraes, Vinam Puri, Bozena Michniak-Kohn
Hyaluronic acid is another ingredient that is found in the skin, as a major component in the extracellular matrix. Hyaluronan is the term used to encompass hyaluronic acid and sodium hyaluronate. With aging, there is a loss of hyaluronic acid and a corresponding decrease in skin elasticity. An animal source of hyaluronic acid used in the cosmetic industry is the cockscomb. Topical application of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid solutions will result in formation of hydrating films that do not penetrate through the stratum corneum of the skin (Barel et al., 2014).
Eye drops for dry eye disease during pregnancy and adverse neonatal outcomes: high-dimensional propensity score analyses
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Yohei Hashimoto, Hayato Yamana, Nobuaki Michihata, Daisuke Shigemi, Miho Ishimaru, Hiroki Matsui, Hideo Yasunaga, Makoto Aihara
The mothers were divided into three exposed groups and one unexposed group. The three exposed groups comprised mothers prescribed 1) hyaluronate 0.1% alone, 2) hyaluronate 0.3% alone, or 3) diquafosol alone at least once during the first trimester. The unexposed group comprised mothers prescribed no eye drops for DED including rebamipide during the first trimester. Because hyaluronate 0.3% is used for patients for whom hyaluronate 0.1% is not effective,14 the two drugs were analyzed separately. Analysis of rebamipide was excluded because of the small sample size. We identified the eye drops using brand names because there were no corresponding ATC codes. In Japan, treatment of DED is based on the mechanism of tear instability; therefore, cyclosporine ophthalmic solution is not approved [11]. Because none of the eye drops for DED were sold over the counter in Japan during the observation period, there is little possibility that users were misclassified as non-users.
Low plasma hyaluronan is associated with faster functional decline in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2022
Cory J. Holdom, Shyuan T. Ngo, Pamela A. McCombe, Robert D. Henderson, Frederik J. Steyn
Measures of plasma hyaluronan in our control participants was higher than that reported by Ono et al. (13) in serum (75.70 ± 43.18 mg/mL vs. 27.7 ± 11.1 mg/mL). While we cannot directly compare measures in plasma versus serum, differences in the timing of sample collection relative to dietary intake may account for higher levels of hyaluronan in general. Our study participants had their blood collected ∼1 h after receiving a standardized liquid meal, whereas participants in Ono et al. (13) were fasting. Circulating levels of hyaluronan increase following a meal (21), and plasma hyaluronan levels in fasted healthy humans is reported to be 30 − 50 mg/mL, which is lower than what was observed in our control cohort (22,23). Accounting for variation in levels of hyaluronan relative to the prandial state of the individual is important, should the utility of hyaluronan as a marker for the rate of disease progression be explored further. This is likely difficult to achieve in a clinical setting, and so the establishment of specific criteria under which samples must be collected are needed, should measures of hyaluronan be considered.
CD44 receptor-targeted novel drug delivery strategies for rheumatoid arthritis therapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Srividya Gorantla, Ganesh Gorantla, Ranendra N. Saha, Gautam Singhvi
Hyaluronan or hyaluronic acid is a natural, water-soluble, linear, non-sulfated anionic glycosaminoglycan. It consists of repeating β-1, 3-N-acetyl glucosamine, and β-1, 4-glucuronic acid disaccharide units [8]. HA is found in epithelial and connective tissue, synovial fluid, and vitreous humor of the eye. It possesses exclusive properties including, excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of chemical modification, satisfactory safety for enduring clinical use in human subjects, and less immunogenicity. It also possesses cartilage protective and lubricant effects in synovial fluid [9]. Besides the structural role, HA is a principal counter molecule to HA receptors on CD44 (Figure 1(a) and Figure 2). The synovium of the healthy subject contains the highest concentrations of hyaluronan in the entire human body. During the inflamed joint condition, the depletion of hyaluronan occurs. It was reported that 0.71 ± 0.1 mg/cm3 is found in rheumatoid synovial tissue, whereas 1.07 ± 0.16 mg/cm3 in healthy subject.