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Filler Materials: Indications, Contraindications, and Special Considerations in Oncology Patients
Published in Paloma Tejero, Hernán Pinto, Aesthetic Treatments for the Oncology Patient, 2020
This is synthesized in the cell membrane of many of our cells, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, synovial cells, muscle fibers, oocytes, and by the synthases Has1, Has2, and Has3, and then extruded out of the cell. It is metabolized by endocytosis mediated by receptors and by specific enzymes, hyaluronidases, which degrade it. Its catabolism is very fast, lasting on average in our tissues between 12 hours and a few days. Inflammatory processes increase its catabolism. The concentration of HA in the tissues usually remains constant, and the residency time is only slightly dependent on its molecular weight.
Rapid Formation of Plasma Protein Corona Critically Affects Nanoparticle Pathophysiology
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Stefan Tenzer, Dominic Docter, Jörg Kuharev, Anna Musyanovych, Verena Fetz, Rouven Hecht, Florian Schlenk, Dagmar Fischer, Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi, Christoph Reinhardt, Katharina Landfester, Hansjörg Schild, Michael Maskos, Shirley K. Knauer, Roland H. Stauber
Automated high-content microscopy. This was employed to quantify nanoparticles uptake using the automated ArrayScanVTI imaging platform (Thermo Fisher) as described previously [45]. Briefly, ISO-HAS1 cells were seeded into black-walled 96-well thin-bottom µClear plates (Greiner)and further cultivated for 24 h. Cells were washed with PBS and either protein-free RPMI1640 medium or RPMI1640 containing 10% human plasma was added, and cells were exposed to 100 µg ml−1 fluorescent nanoparticles.
Absorbable Soft Tissue Fillers: Core Characteristics
Published in Ali Pirayesh, Dario Bertossi, Izolda Heydenrych, Aesthetic Facial Anatomy Essentials for Injections, 2020
Ali Pirayesh, Colin M. Morrison, Berend van der Lei, Ash Mosahebi
HA fillers can be dissolved with hyaluronidases, increasing their “safety” when compared to non-HA fillers. HA levels are determined by the balance between enzymes that create it (synthase HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3) and those that break it down (hyaluronidases HYAL1, HYAL2 and HYAL3) [20]. Hyaluronidases are enzymes licensed for enhancing penetration of subcutaneous or intramuscular injections, local anaesthetics and infusions and reduce swelling [21]. However, they are also widely used “off-label” in aesthetic medicine to dissolve hyaluronic acid fillers. The enzymes can be classified by their mechanism of action: mammalian (endo-Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase), leech/hookworm (endo-Beta-D-glucuronidase) and microbial (hyaluronate lyase) [22]. The most commonly-used preparation in the UK is Hyalase, derived from sheep; however, microbial and human hyaluronidases appear to have advantages in terms of safety and reduced immunogenicity [21].
The evolution into personalized therapies in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: challenges and opportunities
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2018
Anteneh A. Tesfaye, Mandana Kamgar, Asfar Azmi, Philip A. Philip
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a highly abundant mucopolysaccharide in the body synthesized by HA synthases (HAS1-3) and degraded by hyaluronidases (HYAL1-4, HYALP1, and PH20) [124]. There is high level of HA in up to 40% of patients with pancreas cancer, due to tumor-stroma interaction, and resulting upregulation of HAS [125,126]. The accumulation of HA in the stroma leads to increased interstitial fluid pressure due to its water-binding capacity leading to collapse of intratumoral vasculature, which is considered as a barrier to the delivery of drugs [127,128]. HA has also been shown to bind surface receptors RHAMM and CD44, possibly promoting tumor proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and immune resistance [129–131]. Hence, HA has been an interesting therapeutic target in pancreas cancer. Contrary to inhibiting synthesis, blocking receptor signaling or depleting the stromal content of HA is the most studied strategy so far.
The Expressional Pattern of Invasion-Related Extracellular Matrix Molecules in CNS Tumors
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2018
József Virga, László Bognár, Tibor Hortobágyi, Éva Csősz, Gergő Kalló, Gábor Zahuczki, László Steiner, Gábor Hutóczki, Judit Reményi-Puskár, Almos Klekner
The analysis further confirms the pronounced invasiveness of low-grade astrocytomas, as we can see clear differences in the mRNA expression level of invasion-related ECM molecules in non-tumor and grade II astrocytoma samples. These molecules (CD44, HAS1, HAS2, ITGB1, ITGB2, TGFB1, TGFBI, and TGIF2) seem to play a definitive role in how the invasiveness of astrocytomas develops. CD44, as a receptor for hyaluronic acid, is a widespread component of tumor ECM, its pro-invasion role has been proposed before, our findings are in accordance with literature data (19, 37, 38). HAS1 and HAS2 enzymes, which synthetize hyaluronic acid, are also involved in increased astrocytoma motility and invasion. Multiple malignant glioma cell lines show increased expression of these enzymes, and it was proposed that their function might be to hydrate the ECM by the excess amount of hyaluronic acid and, thus basically loosening the structure of ECM and provide space for migrating cancer cells. We found the amount of HAS enzymes upregulated in low-grade astrocytoma samples, therefore, this transformation in the structure ECM happens early in gliomagenesis (39–42). Integrins are important in cell-ECM interactions, and the pro-invasive effect of integrin-β1 has been found in multiple studies (43–45). TGF-β and related TGFBI and TGIF2 are probably important in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and thus the invasion. The possible role of TGFBI is the inhibition of adhesion and the promotion of cellular migration. The role of TGIF-2 in neuronal development was known before, but recently it has been found that it has a positive effect on oncogenic signaling when over expressed (46–51).
Analysis of hyaluronic acid in the endometrium of women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2019
Ricardo Santos Simões, Adriana Aparecida Ferraz Carbonel, Fernanda Teixeira Borges, Maria Cândida Pinheiro Baracat, Gisela Rodrigues da Silva Sasso, Manuel Jesus Simões, Paulo Cesar Serafini, José Maria Soares, Helena Bonciani Nader, Edmund Chada Baracat
The results of the immunohistochemical detection of hyaluronic acid and hyaluronic acid synthesis enzymes (HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3) are shown in Figure 1 and the scores data in Table 3. The spacial distribution of the glycosaminoglycans (carboxylated and sulfated) in the endometrium was similar in both groups. It was present throughout the stroma being more concentrated around the blood vessels and glands. In addition, we also observed the deposition of these glycosaminoglycans in the regions of the basement membrane. The same occurred in relation to the enzymes of hyaluronic acid being present mainly in the endometrial stroma.