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Inflammation
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Many stages can be defined in the process of acute cell injury. Following the effect of an injurious agent, the normal vascular perfusion of the cell is altered and oxygen intake is promptly reduced. Thus the initial cellular changes include decreased pO2, the production of internal substrates is limited, and the removal of metabolites and other cell byproducts is decreased. This is rapidly continued by a decrease and consequent stoppage of respiratory processes which in turn cause a decreased intracellular ATP level. By way of a temporary compensation, the production of ATP is shifted to the glycolytic pathway.262,513 This results in elevated lactate levels and an associated decrease in glycogen levels, increased rate of glycolysis, and lower intracellular pH. The fall in ATP concentration exerts a decrease in the activity of the electrolyte pump, and the concentration gradients for sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are impaired leading to leakage of these ions. In later stages, the fall in ATP impairs ion transport across the cell membrane responsible for the maintenance of the normal extra- and intracellular equilibrium. The decreased pH also affects nuclear chromatin and nuclear RNA synthesis.279
Thyroid and Parathyroid Imaging
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
Brahm Shapiro, Milton D. Gross
The glucose analog fluorodeoxy glucose (FDG), when labeled with the positron-emitting radionuclide F-18, may be used to trace the two initial steps of tissue glucose metabolism71—glucose uptake and phosphorylation—after which FDG-F-18 is not further metabolized. Because most malignant tumors metabolize glucose by the inefficient glycolytic pathway they manifest striking FDG-F-18 uptake.71 This has been used to locate and characterize a wide range of tumors but requires PET to image the two 511-keV annihilation photons derived from the positrons.71 Although experience in thyroid cancer is limited, this tumor appears to behave similarly to other malignancies.71 The clinical role of FDG-F-18 PET in thyroid cancer remains to be clarified but may include whole body survey for noniodine avid thyroid cancers, which might be performed without thyroid hormone withdrawal and as an objective means to predict the effects of chemo- or radiotherapy when treating thyroid cancer.71 A further increment in thyroid tumor FDG-F-18 uptake may occur after thyroid hormone withdrawal.
Anaerobic endurance: the speed endurance sports
Published in Nick Draper, Helen Marshall, Exercise Physiology, 2014
This chapter begins with a more detailed description of the glycolytic pathway along with discussion of the possible fates of pyruvate, the end-product of glycolysis. Following this, the physiology of speed endurance sports is covered and includes sections on components of fitness, appropriate fitness tests, conditioning, mechanisms of fatigue and adaptation to training in anaerobic sports. The final section of the chapter examines ergogenic aids for anaerobic endurance activities including sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine.
Hyperglycaemia and the risk of post-surgical adhesion
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Gordon A. Ferns, Seyed Mahdi Hassanian, Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
Hyperglycaemia increases superoxide production (Nishikawa et al.2000). Under hyperglycaemic conditions, there is increased glucose entering the glycolytic pathway (important biochemical pathway in the cells for glucose metabolism) that produced two molecules of pyruvate. In aerobic conditions, pyruvates are converted to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA produced by pyruvate entered to the Krebs cycle in mitochondria. Three molecules of NADH are produced by each Krebs cycle (Sabri 1984). NADH is an electron carrier to transport electron in complex 1 of the electron transport chain in mitochondria for ATP synthesis. An excessive amount of NADH causes reductive stress by intracellular production of superoxide O2– (Liu et al.2002) (Figure 3). Superoxide is one of the most important ROS factors and can damage biomolecules and increase of inflammation (McCord 1980). Increase of ROS such as superoxide causes excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors by immune cells which are associated with adhesion formation post-surgical (Fortin et al.2015).
Identification of a novel glycolysis-related gene signature for predicting the survival of patients with colon adenocarcinoma
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Kezhen Yi, Jianyuan Wu, Xuan Tang, Qian Zhang, Bicheng Wang, Fubing Wang
We used GSEA (http://www.broadinstitute.org/gsea/index.jsp) to see if the needed glycolytic gene sets differed significantly between tumor and non-tumor tissues. The function to be subjected to further analysis was determined using normalized p value (p < .05) and normalized enrichment score (NES). Distinguished from conventional gene enrichment analysis, GSEA directly performs gene set studies between groups on pathways of interest. The molecular signatures database (MSigDB) was used to obtain glycolytic gene sets. MSigDB is a known defined gene dataset. We searched glycolysis as a key word, resulting in the inclusion of glycolysis related gene sets. We extracted the expression of glycolysis-related genes from COAD patients from the TCGA database using GSEA. Normalized p-values (p < .05) and normalized enrichment scores (NES) were used to determine the gene sets to be further analyzed. Genes enriched through the glycolytic pathway were obtained at this step.
Modulatory effect of isopulegol on hepatic key enzymes of glucose metabolism in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Karunanithi Kalaivani, Chandrasekaran Sankaranarayanan
Liver is an important organ and plays a major role in maintaining glucose homeostasis by regulating glucose utilization and production. Hexokinase is one of the important key glycolytic and insulin sensitive enzymes (Vats et al. 2003). It catalyses the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, thereby channelizing glucose through the glycolytic pathway. The activity of hexokinase was decreased in diabetic rats leading to decreased glucose removal from blood. Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt) is an alternative route for the oxidation of glucose (Zhang et al. 2000). This pathway is found in the cytosol is responsible for the biosynthesis of NADPH and ribose-bi-phosphate. NADPH is required for the biosynthesis of glutathione, a non-enzymatic antioxidant. The activity of G6PDH, a rate limiting enzyme of this pathway is greatly decreased in diabetic rats. Administration of isopulegol at the effective dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. increased these enzyme activities thereby improving glucose utilization and oxidation. Our results are in line with Kurup et al. who reported that Averrhoa bilimbi ameliorated glycolytic enzymes in STZ-induced diabetic rats (Kurup and SM 2017).