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Sinusitis (Acute)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Glutathione: A small study performed in the Netherlands found that people suffering with sinusitis have low amounts of glutathione, an antioxidant compound that can be found in fruits and vegetables such as watermelon, grapefruit, oranges, asparagus, potatoes, and broccoli. The glutathione contained in these foods may help the cells that line the respiratory tract keep free radicals in check.4
COVID-19
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Finally, one of the key contributing factors to disease severity and death in COVID-19 patients is an endogenous deficiency of glutathione.47 The various consequences of this deficiency are illustrated in Figure 15.5. There are a number of strategies to increase glutathione: L-cysteine-rich foods like whey protein, N-acetylcysteine (prodrug for glutathione), ALA which is chemically similar to glutathione and promotes intracellular conversion of L-cystine (by reduction) to two molecules of L-cysteine upregulating glutathione synthetase, L-citrulline which acts as a glutathione enhancer and increases L-arginine through the arginine-citrulline cycle increasing nitric oxide more than L-arginine alone (mostly broken down in liver), liposomic glutathione, nano-glutathione, and Swish30.
Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
Glutathione offers one of the mechanisms for the scavenging of toxic free radicals. Although GSH depletion is not necessarily sufficient to cause lipid peroxidation, it is generally agreed upon that it may favor the peroxidation produced by other factors. A severe reduction in glutathione favors peroxidation (Wendel and co-workers, 1979), and the damage may possibly be compounded by the increased generation of active radicals by the “induced” microsomes following chronic ethanol consumption, as illustrated in Figure 2.
Cosmetic skin lightening use and side effects
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Natasha Masub, Amor Khachemoune
Other skin lightening agents include glutathione, kojic acid, and arbutin. Glutathione is an oral, topical and intravenous agent that causes skin depigmentation both directly by inhibiting the copper-containing active site of tyrosinase and indirectly via antioxidant scavenging of reactive oxygen species (53). While intravenous glutathione skin lightening has long been popular in Asia, there is increasing demand in the US for intravenous glutathione among patients who have experienced side effects from topical skin lightening (54). Among available OTC skin lightening agents, kojic acid and arbutin are among the most effective (55). Kojic acid is a fungus-derived agent that primarily acts as a copper-binding tyrosinase inhibitor. Side effects of kojic acid include contact dermatitis and increased UV sensitivity (56–58). Arbutin is a botanical agent structurally similar to hydroquinone. Arbutin acts by reversibly inhibiting tyrosinase activity and melanosome transfer. The primary side effects of arbutin include contact dermatitis and paradoxical hyperpigmentation at higher concentrations (59–61).
N-acetyl-cysteine reduces the risk for mechanical ventilation and mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a two-center retrospective cohort study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Stelios F. Assimakopoulos, Diamanto Aretha, Dimitris Komninos, Dimitra Dimitropoulou, Maria Lagadinou, Lydia Leonidou, Ioanna Oikonomou, Athanasia Mouzaki, Markos Marangos
The potential mechanisms of NAC beneficial actions have been investigated in several in vitro and in vivo studies. Beyond its well established action as a precursor of glutathione, diverse additional mechanisms have been described for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions; (i) NAC downregulates the mRNA expression of the inflammasome NLRP3 thus decreasing the proinflammatory cytokine expression and release from activated mononuclear phagocytes [12], (ii) inhibits the endotoxin-induced release of IL-1b, IL-8, and TNF-a [13], (iii) improves gut barrier dysfunction thus preventing systemic endotoxemia and inflammatory response, while previous studies have shown that COVID-19 has been associated with gut barrier dysfunction and systemic endotoxemia [14,15] (iii) downregulates programmed cell death protein 1 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes thus increasing their longevity and counts [16]. Additionally, NAC may exert a direct antiviral action against SARS-CoV-2. A previous in vitro study has demonstrated that NAC inhibits the replication of other respiratory viruses like influenza A and B and respiratory syncytial virus in human pulmonary epithelial cells [17]. Replication of RNA viruses, including human coronaviruses, in epithelial cells requires an active NF-κB pathway. NAC has been demonstrated to inhibit NF-κB thus exhibiting the theoretical potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication [18].
The Toxic Effects of Ethylene Glycol Tetraacetate Acid, Ferrum Lek and Methanol on the Glutathione System: correction Options
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Administrating valproate sodium in combination with ademethionine influenced the activity of GR stronger when compared to other enzymes (Figure 5). On day 7 of intake, for example, the liver and kidney GR activities increased as compared to controls (by 85% and 80.3%, respectively, p ≤ 0.01). Significant changes were also found on day 14. The GR activities in liver and kidney continued to be higher (by 94.6% and 129.6%, respectively, p ≤ 0.01). By contrast, the kidney GPx activity decreased (by 43.1%) on day 7 and continued to decline, dropping 46.3% on day 14 as compared controls (p ≤ 0.05).The above results indicate that poisoning affected practically all components of the glutathione system. The oxidative stress was likely to result from an increased generation of reactive oxygen species against the background of inhibited antioxidant protection.