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Fucoidan
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Ellya Sinurat, Dina Fransiska, Nurhayati, Hari Eko Irianto
Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers are the two most prevalent forms of peptic ulcers. These designations indicate the location of the ulcer. Gastric ulcers are ulcers that form in the stomach. The duodenum, which is the initial segment of the small intestine, is where duodenal ulcers occur. Gastric and duodenal ulcers may occur at the same time in an individual. The presence of acid and peptic activity in gastric juice and the deterioration of mucosal defenses are factors in peptic ulcers formation. The stomach and the first few millimeters of the duodenum are the most prevalent sites for ulcers. Acute peptic ulcers affect tissues down to the submucosa, and lesions can be single or numerous. The epithelium and muscular layers of the stomach wall are both penetrated by chronic peptic ulcers (Rambhai & Sisodia, 2018).
Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Cl− has two distinct functions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. First, it is the chief anion of the gastric juice and is accompanied by hydrogen ions in nearly equal amounts and is secreted in form of HCL (hydrochloric acid) and is required for protein digestion, microorganism homeostasis, and absorption of nutrients (e.g., calcium, zinc, iron, vitamins, folic acid). Second, it is responsible for maintenance of the GI osmotic gradient and fluid secretion (15). The chloride of the gastric secretions is derived from blood chloride and is normally reabsorbed during the latter stages of digestion in the lower intestine (8).
The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
The stomach is protected by the production of hydrochloric acid (HCl) from parietal cells. The acidity or pH of the gastric juices is about 1.5–3.5, which kills many ingested pathogens. The opposite occurs in the small intestine, where the pH is very high (pH 8–9). This alkaline state again destroys most pathogens, with the exception of typhoid and cholera.
Gastroprotective effects of water extract of domesticated Amauroderma rugosum against several gastric ulcer models in rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yanzhen Mai, Siyuan Xu, Ru Shen, Bairu Feng, Hong He, Yifei Xu
After the oral administration of the last drug or distilled water for 1 h, the rats (except for the rats in the control) were subjected to longitudinal incisions slightly below the xiphoid apophysis to place a pyloric ligature (Moawad et al. 2019). After 4 h, the rats were sacrificed, the abdomen was opened, and another ligature was placed around the oesophagus close to the diaphragm. The stomach was opened along the greater curvature, and the gastric contents were collected and centrifuged for 10 min at 5000×g. The pH of gastric juice was measured by pH meter. The glandular portion of the stomach was weighed and immersed for 2 h in alcian blue solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) with vortexing every 10 min for the mucus quantification procedure. The absorbance was measured in a spectrophotometer (Multiskan GO, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) at a wavelength of 585 nm, and the results were expressed as μg Alcian Blue/g tissue (Rafatullah et al. 1990).
Oral delivery of the intracellular domain of the insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2ic) by bacterium-like particles (BLPs) prevents type 1 diabetes mellitus in NOD mice
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Ruifeng Mao, Menglan Yang, Rui Yang, Yingying Chen, Enjie Diao, Tong Zhang, Dengchao Li, Xin Chang, Zhenjing Chi, Yefu Wang
As described previously, simulated gastric juice (pH 2.0 or 4.0), which contains 10 U/mL pepsin (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China), was prepared (Charteris et al., 1998). 2.5 × 109 BLPs (100 μL), 100 μg free IA-2ic-3LysM fusion protein (100 μL), and 100 μL BLPs-IA-2ic suspension containing 100 μg IA-2ic-3LysM fusion protein were mixed with 100 μL simulated gastric juice (pH 2.0 or 4.0), respectively. Then, the mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 15 min. At 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 min, samples (10 μL) were taken from each mixture and subjected to detection of IA-2ic-3LysM fusion protein by ELISA. Briefly, samples were diluted 10-fold in PBS and added into ELISA plates, which were coated overnight at 4 °C. After washing with PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 (PBST), 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS was added to the plates and then incubated for 3 h at 37 °C. After washing, 100 μL anti-His monoclonal antibody (1:1000 dilution) was added and incubated for 2 h at 37 °C. After washing, 100 μL horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody was added and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. After washing, 100 μL TMB substrate (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) was added and incubated for 10 min at 37 °C before absorbance at 450 nm (OD450) was measured.
Psidium guajava leaf extract improves gastrointestinal functions in rats and rabbits: an implication for ulcer and diarrhoea management
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Lilian Ngozi Ibeh, Solomon Nnah Ijioma, Okezie Emmanuel, Christopher Okechukwu Timothy, Eziuche Amadike Ugbogu
Before isolating each stomach in 2.9 above, the cardiac and pyloric regions of the stomach were first ligated for easy collection of gastric juice in which pH, total acidity, and pepsin activity were determined. The technique of Fucik et al. (1960) as described by Debnath et al. (1974) was used with minor changes adopted in the determination of the pepsin activity. In brief, 1 mL of gastric juice was diluted with 249 mL of 0.01 M HCl before being combined with 2.5 mL of a 2% haemoglobin solution in 0.06 M HCl and incubated at 37 °C for 20 min. Following that, a few drops of 0.6 M ice-cold trichloroacetic acid were added and the mixture was allowed to stand in an ice bath for 15 min. After centrifuging the mixture at 2000 rpm to separate the precipitated protein, 0.6 mL of the clear supernatant was used to determine the released amino acids. This was accomplished by putting 0.6 mL of supernatant into a test tube, followed by 3 mL of alkaline copper sulphate solution, which was allowed to stand for 10 min at room temperature before adding 0.3 mL of dilute Folin's reagent and stirred continuously. After 30 min, the absorbance of the resultant combination was measured in a spectrophotometer at 610 nm against a blank made with 0.01 M HCl instead of diluted gastric juice. Pepsin activity was measured in µmol tyrosine/mL of gastric juice.