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Endothelial Cells of the Lung
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
As with the culture of any type of differentiated cell, it is necessary to characterize its phenotype in vitro. For endothelial cells this is relatively simple since factor VIII/von Willebrand’s protein is unique to the endothelial layer within the vessel wall (Jaffe et al., 1973b). Because factor VIII/von Willebrand’s protein is not produced by other tissue components of the vessel wall, its presence can be used to characterize cells in vitro as bona fide endothelium. Commercial antibodies raised against this protein are available, which make it relatively easy for investigators to verify the presence of this antigen in their cultured cells. All endothelial cells, including those from large vessels and microvascular sources, appear to produce this antigen (Wagner et al., 1982). The ability of endothelial cells to express factor VIII/von Willebrand’s protein also seems to be a relatively stable phenotypic trait, since it appears to be continuously expressed throughout the in vitro lifespan of endothelium (Rosen et al., 1981).
Cell structure, function and adaptation
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
In many tissues, stem cells can give rise only to a single differentiated cell type, e.g. a keratinocyte, and are thus regarded as unipotential. Haematopoietic cells can give rise to cells of several lineages and are pluripotential. Stem cells necessary for passing on genetic information through the germline must be able to give rise to every cell type and are known as totipotential. The importance of stem cells is their persistence as a pool of proliferating or potentially proliferating cells throughout life.
In vivo reprogramming
Published in Christine Hauskeller, Arne Manzeschke, Anja Pichl, The Matrix of Stem Cell Research, 2019
Lineage reprogramming is defined as the conversion of somatic cells to another type of cell without passing from the pluripotent stage (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2017). In recent years, extensive studies have shown that a variety of differentiated cell types can be converted into other terminally differentiated cells. As a result, the lineage reprogramming approach has become one of the most promising strategies for the generation of functional cell types. For the first time, the possibility of the direct conversion of somatic cells was shown by Davis and his colleagues in 1987 (Davis et al., 1987). Their results indicated that fibroblasts can be converted to myoblasts by the overexpression of specific muscle transcription factors such as Myod. Subsequently, several studies indicated that fibroblasts can be directly reprogrammed into other cell types such as cardiomyocytes (Ieda et al., 2010), hepatocytes (Huang et al., 2014), and oligodendrocytes (Najm et al., 2013).
The shifting paradigm of colorectal cancer treatment: a look into emerging cancer stem cell-directed therapeutics to lead the charge toward complete remission
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Jessica Kopenhaver, Madison Crutcher, Scott A. Waldman, Adam E. Snook
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. It was estimated that in 2020, roughly 147,950 cases of CRC would be diagnosed in the United States with over 50,000 people dying from these cancers. CRC incidence has steadily declined since the 1980s due to increased screening and decreases in exposures to risk factors. However, this trend is driven by decreased incidence in older adults and therefore masks the increasing incidence in younger age groups [1]. Historically, cancer was believed to arise via the stochastic model. This model postulated that any differentiated cell had the ability to become tumorigenic via somatic mutations. More recently, our understanding of tumorigenesis has shifted to the cancer stem cell model. This model proposes that cancer originates from either the stem cell population within the normal tissue or recruited mesenchymal stem cells (bone marrow-derived). It is believed that these stem cells are responsible for resistance to treatment, as well as disease recurrence, as conventional treatment methods fail to completely eliminate these cancer stem cell reservoirs. This has caused an increased interest in developing therapies targeted toward cancer stem cells in the treatment of colorectal and other cancers.
Gene and cell therapy and nanomedicine for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: bibliometric analysis and systematic review of clinical outcomes
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Javier Caballero-Villarraso, Jamil Sawas, Begoña M. Escribano, Francisco A. Martín-Hersog, Andrea Valverde-Martínez, Isaac Túnez
Cell therapy is fundamentally based on the use of stem cells (SCs), which are characterized by being an undifferentiated or partially differentiated cell lineage, as well as having the ability to proliferate (giving rise to other SCs by symmetrical cell division) or to differentiate into other cell lines (by asymmetrical cell division), in a microenvironment-dependent manner. Therefore, the main function of SCs is the regeneration and replacement of damaged or destroyed differentiated cells; they are found in various organs and tissues of the body. In the last two decades, various lineages of SC with therapeutic potential have been identified, of which we can fundamentally highlight five types: autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), neural stem cells (NSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and embryonic stem cells (ESC) [6–9].
“Candida Albicans Interactions With The Host: Crossing The Intestinal Epithelial Barrier”
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2019
Louise Basmaciyan, Fabienne Bon, Tracy Paradis, Pierre Lapaquette, Frédéric Dalle
The intestinal epithelium (IE) consists of a monolayer of cells covering a surface of ~400 m2, organized into crypts and villi. Pluripotent intestinal epithelial stem cells residing in the bottom of the crypts ensure a continuous renewal of the IE, where the local environment drives their proliferation and functional differentiation. IE encompass differentiated cell types grouped under the term intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) (i.e. enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells, Microfold (M) cells and Tuft cells) with specialized functions (i.e. absorption, hormone secretion, mucus secretion, antimicrobial peptide (AMPs) production, antigen sampling and taste-chemosensory responses respectively) in addition to Cup cells whose function remains to be specified.36 Additionally, IECs exert immunoregulatory functions that are critical for the development, maturation and homeostasis of the immune system all along the gut mucosa. Finally, thanks to this complex system of cells and functions, IECs form a physical and biochemical barrier capable of segregating microorganisms from the host with the ability to discriminate commensals from pathogenic microorganisms. IECs respond differentially to commensal or pathogenic microbial signals that consequently reinforce or weaken their barrier function. In parallel, the mucosal biochemical and immune systems orchestrate appropriate immune responses to these microbial signals that can range from the tolerance of commensal microorganisms to anti-pathogenic responses.37