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Environment and Lifestyle in Allergic Disease
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Anubha Tripathi, Thomas AE Platts-Mills
After Der p 1 was first purified, mite fecal particles were identified as the form in which this allergen accumulates in a culture of mites and becomes airborne in houses (Tovey et al. 1981a, Tovey et al. 1981b). Further investigation of the fecal particles showed that the rate of elution of mite allergens and the quantities of allergen inhaled per day were similar to pollen allergens. However, there was a major difference in that the quantity of mite allergen airborne in homes was dependent to a large degree on the furnishings, which act as reservoirs of allergen, and on the behavior of the occupants. Mite growth in homes depends on temperature, humidity, the presence of human skin scales and ‘nests’ (Voorhorst et al. 1967). All of this is relevant to the approaches used for controlling exposure. The fecal particles of dust mites carry a striking collection of substances that could contribute to their ability to induce an IgE antibody response. These include: mite DNA and bacterial DNA (both of which are unmethylated, i.e., TLR-9 agonists), endotoxin (a TLR-4 agonist), chitin (which acts on TLR-2), as well as the potent proteinase Der p 1 and finally Der p 2 which can act as an MD-2 agonist (Fig. 18.2) (Trompette et al. 2009, Lee et al. 2011).
Peanut Allergy Biomolecular Characterization for Development of a Peanut T-Cell Epitope Peptide Therapy
Published in Andreas L. Lopata, Food Allergy, 2017
Jennifer M. Rolland, Sara R. Prickett, Robyn E. O’Hehir
It has been demonstrated directly that using peptides to target T cells specific for dominant epitopes of major allergens can alter responses to whole allergen extracts, known as linked epitope suppression. In early in vitro and murine studies, O’Hehir and colleagues showed that the dominant T-cell epitope peptide of Der p 1, the major allergen of house dust mite (HDM), could induce tolerance not only to this peptide, but to the whole Der p 1 allergen and HDM extract (Higgins et al. 1992, Hoyne et al. 1993). This phenomenon has been validated subsequently in different murine models of allergy, and also in human studies of SPIRE therapy for cat allergy (Briner et al. 1993, Couroux et al. 2015, Patel et al. 2013, Worm et al. 2013). Clinical administration of dominant Fel d 1 (major cat allergen) T-cell epitope peptides altered T-cell responses to those peptides, other non-related Fel d 1 peptides, and whole cat allergen extract.
Definition of an Allergen (Immunobiology)
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2014
Malcolm N. Blumenthal, Lauren Fine
The sea of molecules acting as allergens is organized and named according to a schema proposed by WHO/International Union of Immunologic Societies (IUIS). The molecules are labeled by the first three letters of the genus, the first letter of the species they are isolated from, and then by an Arabic numeral indicating the sequence of isolation. Der p 1 is the first isolate from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, a house dust mite. The distinction between major and minor allergens is a functional classification; a major antigen is one to which >50% of allergic patients react.
Outdoor air pollutants exposure associated with pulmonary function and EBC pH value in atopic asthmatic and non-asthmatic children
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Kuo-Wei Yeh, Chi-Tsung Chen, Pei-Chen Lee, Jing-Long Huang, Dah-Chin Yan, Li-Chen Chen, Syh-Jae Lin, Tsung-Chieh Yao, Chih-Da Wu, Gwo-Hwa Wan
The fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) level, an indicator of airway inflammation, is associated with personal characteristics and environmental factors. Higher FeNO levels were found in asthmatic children than in healthy children (12,13), and asthmatic children treated with steroids had lower FeNO levels than asthmatic children without steroid treatment (14). A previous study indicated that outdoor O3 concentration was associated with the FeNO level in asthmatic children (8). However, no relationship between daily maximum 8-h O3 exposure (range 1.1 − 56.4 ppb) and the level of FeNO was found in asthmatic children (11). Similar results also found in a French study (10). Additionally, the predominant house dust mite species include Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae (15). The Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p 1) allergen is prevalent for dust mite allergy (16). The highest level of Der p 1 allergen was found on the tops of mattresses in the homes of asthmatic children in the US (17) and Taiwan (18). Also, Der p 1 allergen was detected on the floors of kitchens and bedrooms in the homes of asthmatic children (17–19). Moreover, the FeNO level of asthmatic children was positively associated with the Der p 1 concentration in homes and schools (20).
Augmented angiogenic transcription factor, SOX18, is associated with asthma exacerbation
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Jisu Hong, Pureun-Haneul Lee, Yun-Gi Lee, George D. Leikauf, An-Soo Jang
Human Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HMVEC-L) and normal human bronchial primary epithelial cells (NHBE) and were purchased from Lonza (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland, cat#. CC-2527 and CC-2540, respectively). HMVEC-L cells were plated at 5000 cells/cm2 in T75 flasks in Endothelial Cell Growth Medium supplemented with the EGM-2 BulletKit™ (Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2) (Lonza, cat#: CC-3162) and cultured at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator. NHBE cells were plated at 3500 cells/cm2 in T75 flasks in bronchial epithelial cell growth medium supplemented with the BEGM BulletKit™ (Bronchial Epithelial Cell Growth Medium) (Lonza, cat#: CC-3170), The medium was changed every 48 h, and the cells were grown to 80–90% confluence for 5 to 6 days. HMVEC-L and NHBE cells with density 1.0 × 106 cells/ml were seeded on in 6-well plate with medium. Prior (24 h) to each test, the medium was changed to basal medium, and cells were treated with 10 μg/mL house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus product 1 (Der p1).
Epicutaneous challenge with protease allergen requires its protease activity to recall TH2 and TH17/TH22 responses in mice pre-sensitized via distant skin
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
Akira Ogasawara, Takuo Yuki, Toshiro Takai, Kyosuke Yokozeki, Asuka Katagiri, Yutaka Takahashi, Hiroo Yokozeki, David Basketter, Hitoshi Sakaguchi
Environmental allergen sources, such as house dust mites, insects, fungi, and pollen, contain proteases, and the proteolytic activity of such allergens is involved in the pathogenesis of allergy to them (Takai and Ikeda 2011; Cayrol et al. 2018; Serhan et al. 2019; Perner et al. 2020). Papain is a papaya fruit-derived occupational protease allergen used in the food industry and pharmaceuticals. Papain causes respiratory allergic reactions and, more rarely, allergic skin diseases such as protein contact dermatitis and contact urticaria (Milne and Brand 1975; Niinimaki et al. 1993, Quiñones et al. 1999; Basketter and Lahti 2011; Basketter et al. 2012; Barbaud 2020). Papain and the house dust mite major allergens Der f 1 and Der p 1 belong to the same family of cysteine proteases (Chua et al. 1988; Thomas 2015). With papain acting as a model protease allergen, recent studies conducted using murine models of airway inflammation (Kamijo et al. 2013; Hara et al. 2014; Halim et al. 2014; Nishioka et al. 2018; Maruyama et al. 2019; Kunimine et al. 2021) or sensitization via skin (Iida et al. 2014; Shimura et al. 2016; Ochi et al. 2017; Kamijo, Suzuki, Hara, et al. 2016; Kamijo et al. 2021; Yokozeki et al. 2021) have demonstrated that the protease activity of papain is essential to the induction of airway and skin inflammation and of serum IgE/IgG1 responses.