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Constipation
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Constipation is when bowel movements become infrequent or difficult to pass, typically due to hardened feces. A person can be considered to be constipated when bowel movements are less than three times per week and result in passage of small amounts of hard, dry stool. The stools are hardened because food is traveling too slowly, and/or the colon is absorbing too much water from the fecal material in the colon. Constipation can cause a feeling of lower abdominal discomfort or bloating in addition to hard or lumpy stools. Constipation can also alternate with diarrhea.
What's Causing My Gut Symptoms?
Published in Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck, Reclaim Your Life From IBS, 2022
Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck
Whether or not you personally have ever experienced an episode of incontinence, it’s not hard to find “horror stories” on IBS-related websites and discussion boards told by people who did experience this mishap at least once. In fact, it’s not uncommon for IBS to start with a bout of food poisoning or a terrible stomach flu that led to extreme diarrhea and a single instance of fecal incontinence associated with illness. After the physical illness resolves, people are left with a terrible fear that their gut difficulties will continue. In people with visceral hypersensitivity, this can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. People notice every sensation, every twinge, every muscle spasm in their gut. These sensations make them anxious, as they anticipate the onset of more serious cramps or pain or urgent diarrhea. As soon as they get anxious, sympathetic and enteric nervous system activation starts, causing more roiling and cramping, and increasing the urge to defecate. Now they may start to worry about getting to a bathroom. They imagine having another episode of fecal incontinence, and this really gets the worry juices flowing. It would be humiliating! Horrible! Even disastrous! Before you know it, they dash out of the room, desperate to get to the bathroom “in time.” If this is you, be sure to read Chapter 3 on relaxation training and Chapters 7 and 8 on behavioral experiments and eliminating avoidance. You really can learn to calm your gut and dramatically reduce the possibility of experiencing incontinence and increase your confidence in your ability to “hold it” when you need to.
Introduction and Method
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Coprolites reveal only what the body did not digest and so indicate nothing on their own about what was assimilated. For example, the body tends to absorb animal proteins, making them uncommon in feces. For this reason, coprolites are poor indicators of meat intake.108 This limitation does not eliminate such evidence from consideration but instead urges caution.
Microbiome therapeutics for the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Patricia P Bloom, Vincent B Young
As discussed above for microbiome therapeutics in general, FMT may treat rCDI through one or more mechanisms. In fact, one of the advantages of FMT as a therapy is its ability to simultaneously address multiple treatment targets. FMT replenishes the microbial diversity lost after antibiotic treatment, restoring bile salt metabolism and SCFA production, and confers resistance to C. difficile colonization [38,56]. FMT may transfer antimicrobial compounds with a direct effect on C. difficile, including thuricin CD, nisin, and reuterin [57–59]. For example, the antibiotic fidaxomicin is a natural bacterial product and is bactericidal against C. difficile [60]. Successful FMT is associated with the transfer of Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa, which promotes regulatory T cell accumulation in the colon [61]. Finally, FMT efficacy is likely not entirely derived from bacteria. Sterile fecal filtrate has treated CDI in a small case series [62]. This is possibly due to the effect of non-bacterial components of feces including bacteriophages or metabolites in the sterile filtrate. FMT leads to rapid symptom relief, faster than would be expected from microbial composition shifts alone, lending credence to the theory that non-bacterial FMT components have some therapeutic impact.
Fecal microbiota transplantation: a review on current formulations in Clostridioides difficile infection and future outlooks
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Adèle Rakotonirina, Tatiana Galperine, Eric Allémann
The standard treatment amount used for lower gastrointestinal administration is 50 g of feces vs. 15–25 g for upper gastrointestinal administration [65]. While the reasoning behind the choice of this amount of feces remains unclear, it might be due to the greater amount of bacteria required to recolonize the colon or for technical reasons. Indeed, by increasing the amount of stool sample used for colonoscopy, the intervention efficacy could be improved [67], but a study reported successful interventions with 30 g of feces for the same administration route, so harmonization is still needed [65]. Unfortunately, using higher amounts of stool does not address the fact that donors have different microbiota profiles, and thus, more donated feces does not necessarily lead to ‘better’ fecal transplants.
Exacerbation of diclofenac-induced gastroenterohepatic damage by concomitant exposure to sodium fluoride in rats: protective role of luteolin
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Akinleye S. Akinrinde, Kehinde O. Soetan, Monsuru O. Tijani
The rats were observed throughout the experiment for evidences of gastrointestinal toxicity and other clinical features including stool consistency, reduced appetite, etc. Stool consistency was scored on the 7th day as 0 for normal feces (firm and dry); 1 for pasty feces; 2 for thick and fluid-like feces and 4 for watery diarrhea (Sun et al. 2019), by a pathologist who was blind to the treatment conditions. Following euthanasia, the gross appearance of the gastric and duodenal mucosa was also captured with a digital camera. The macroscopic scoring of gastric and duodenal lesions was based on evaluation of two observable parameters of mucosal damage, as described by Simoes et al. (2019), namely (a) Hemorrhage size, including score 1 (Punctiform, <2 mm); score 2 (mild, 2–5 mm) or score 3 (Intense, >5 mm), and (b) Hemorrhage number, including score 1 (0–4); score 2 (5–6) or score 3 (≥7). Sections with no observable lesions were assigned a score of 0.