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Interleukin-8
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Robert M. Strieter, Theodore J. Standiford, Mark W. Rolfe, Steven L. Kunkel
The generation of chemotactic factors and the subsequent mobilization of leukocytes in reaction to a chemoattractant are essential elements of host defense in response to various stimuli, including tissue injury, infection, or cancer. The nature of the stimulus and the subsequent spectrum of chemotactic factors produced, determines the specific leukocyte population elicited to the inflammatory lesion. For example, a specific antigenic stimulus leading to cell-mediated immunity will result in the production of chemotactic factors that recruit exclusively mononuclear immune cells, leading to either lymph node enlargement or an expanding granulomatous inflammation. In contrast, the stimuli associated with acute tissue injury may result in the production of a different set of chemotactic factors, with a profile for recruiting predominantly PMNs. Thus, a diversity of leukocyte chemotactic factors exist, with different target cell specificity.
Epithelial Cells
Published in Bruce S. Bochner, Adhesion Molecules in Allergic Disease, 2020
Epithelial cells are now known to produce a wide variety of cytokines. These can be categorized into several main groups: colony-stimulating factors; pleiotropic cytokines; chemoattractant cytokines; and growth factors (Table 2).
Sperm Chemotaxis
Published in Claude Gagnon, Controls of Sperm Motility, 2020
The first step of all chemotactic responses is the detection of a gradient of active molecules, and this process implies binding of the chemoattractant on specific receptor sites. Few of the receptors have been identified in spermatozoa, but the availability of radioactive resact analogues and a preparation of isolated sperm membranes containing a functional resact receptor105 have made this identification possible in Arbacia punctulata. The membrane receptor for speract has been identified in S. purpuratus by labeling the spermatozoa with radioactive speract in the presence of a cross-linking reagent and was demonstrated to be a glycoprotein of 77 kDa mol wt. Similar experiments on A. punctulata identify the 150 kDa protein as the resact receptor. Considering the high species specificity of the activating peptides in sea urchin, but the resemblance in structure of these molecules, the nature of the binding sites of these peptides is an interesting question. Are they a family of related proteins with similar molecular weights and original binding sites for the attractant in each species? In contrast, peptide receptors might be proteins with no resemblance at all. An alternative possibility would be that some part of the guanylate cyclase molecule itself should be the receptor for resact.
Gamma-Oryzanol-Rich Fraction from Purple Rice Extract Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses, Migration and VEGFA Production in SW480 Cells via Modulation of TLR4 and NF-κB Pathways
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Atita Panyathep, Khanittha Punturee, Teera Chewonarin
Cell migration is measured in this method which depends on a chemoattractant gradient. Transwell® with 8 µM pore polycarbonate membrane was used for creating the area motion from the upper part into the lower part resulting from the chemo attractive response. Initially, SW480 cells (w/wo LPS pretreated) were prepared at 2 × 106 cells/mL in serum free media and then mixed with HSF or OR in a ratio of 1:1 (in equal volume), to obtain the final concentrations of HSF and OR; 25-75 µg/mL or 2-8 µg/mL, respectively. The mixture (100 µL) was added into the upper part of chamber and 600 µL of 10% FBS in DMEM was contained in the lower part of chamber. After incubation at 37 °C for 24 hr, the migrated cells were stained and fixed with 500 µL of 1% crystal violet in 50% methanol, then washed and dried. To remove the non-migrated cells, a cotton swab was used for scraping them off while the migrated cells were detected, by not only taking the picture under inverted microscope (10X), but also dissolving the membrane with 20% acetic acid and reading the absorbance at 570 nm. The absorbance value was directly related to the level of cell migration, which was also calculated and displayed as percentage of cell migration vs LPS control (in Y axis).
A patent review of glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors (2004–present)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
Judite R.M. Coimbra, Jorge A.R. Salvador
CCL2 is a member of the C-C chemokine family and one of the key chemotactic cytokines that regulate migration and infiltration of monocytes with a pivotal role in inflammatory conditions. All members of the CCL2-subfamily are N-terminally modified by a pE-residue and this post-translational modification is fundamental for their bioactivity in vivo, contributing to an efficient receptor interaction and stabilization toward N-terminal proteolytic degradation. Role of the QC activity in CCL2 maturation has been investigated, and isoQC was indicated as the predominant enzyme for this process in vivo [7]. Experimental studies have shown that the inhibition of QC activity significantly reduced the chemoattractant activity of non-modified forms of chemokines and related immune response under inflammatory conditions [7,27]. Moreover, the use of QC/isoQC inhibitors has been shown to modulate the CCL2-mediated liver inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice [52], and to suppress the progression of inflammation-induced renal dysfunction by hindering the CCL2/CCR2 axis (CCL2 binds primarily to receptor CCR2) [53]. Furthermore, the chemokine domain of CX3CL1 was identified as an additional QC substrate. pE-CX3CL1 binds to the CX3CR1 (fractalkine receptor 1) expressed on the cell surface and activates a signaling process that mediates both adhesion and cell migration in inflammatory processes [11]. The QC-catalyzed N-terminal pE-modification was shown to be required for effective activation of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis.
The discovery and development of oncolytic viruses: are they the future of cancer immunotherapy?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Shunchuan Zhang, Samuel D Rabkin
Chemokines are a family of secreted chemoattractant proteins that mediate immune cell trafficking to influence immune responses, both beneficially and detrimentally, promoting tumorigenesis and/or immunosuppression [106]. OVs have been armed with various chemokines (Table 2). CCL5 (RANTES) is a proinflammatory chemokine recruiting T cells, DCs, macrophages, and NK cells to the TME [106]. An oAd expressing RANTES increased tumors-specific TILs and NK cells and inhibited primary and distal tumors [107]. CCL5 expressing oVV (vvCCL5) had decreased pathogenicity, increased immune cell infiltration (effector CD4 + T cells and DCs), virus in the tumor, and inhibition of tumor growth [108]. vvDD-CCL19 treatment of mouse tumors also resulted in increased DC and effector T cell infiltration and inhibition of tumor growth [109]. In contrast, intravenous injection of oVV expressing CXCL11 (vvDD-CXCL11) was no better than parental vvDD in a subcutaneous model, despite increasing TILs [110], while it greatly extended survival in an intraperitoneal tumor model [111]. OVSV expressing CXCL9 did not increase TILs nor improve inhibition of tumor growth in mouse syngeneic tumors [112].