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Trace Minerals
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Functional indices of copper status include determination of enzymatic activity of cuproenzymes. Serum ceruloplasmin activity (as a ferroxidase) represents short-term copper status, since ceruloplasmin has a serum half-life of 3 to 5 days.916 However, since ceruloplasmin contains up to 95% of total serum copper, estimation of ceruloplasmin activity has little benefits over total serum copper determinations and the same interferences (see Table 11). However, the ratio of ceruloplasmin levels determined by enzymatic and radial immunodiffusion methods may be indicative of short-term copper status.917
PlasmaThe Non-cellular Components of Blood
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Various proteins belong to this group of globulins: α2-Macroglobulin. This is a protease inhibitor in plasma and is the major protein in the α2-globulin fraction (∼80%). It has inhibitory functions on plasma trypsin, chymotrypsin and plasmin. The primary function of α2-macroglobulin may be to inhibit proteases produced by infectious organisms.Prothrombin. Prothrombin is a clotting factor synthesized by the liver. About 60% of the extracellular pool of prothrombin is in the plasma and 40% in the extravascular space. It has a rapid turnover.Haptoglobin. This is a heterogeneous group of globulins that bind free Hb and transport it to the liver.Ceruloplasmin. Ceruloplasmin is a plasma protein that carries copper and is produced in the liver. It also functions as an oxidase enzyme and oxidizes ferrous to ferric ions before the binding of iron to transferrin. As an acute-phase protein, it may modulate inflammation by its free-radical scavenging properties.
Teace Elements in Parenteral Nutrition*
Published in Fima Lifshitz, Childhood Nutrition, 2020
Adib A. Moukarzel, Marvin E. Ament
Plasma copper is obviously reduced in copper deficiency and is affected by a variety of factors that alter the serum concentration of ceruloplasmin. Protein calorie malnutrition results in a decrease in serum ceruloplasmin level; nephrosis also results in reduced levels of copper.66 Infections, inflammatory conditions, and Hodgkin’s disease all increase the level of serum copper. Oral contraceptives also increase plasma copper levels. Studies have shown the range of plasma copper in patients taking oral contraceptives to increase to 300 μg/dL. This represents an increase from normal range of 118 μg/dL in women who are not taking oral contraceptives. Measurement of copper in hair is not a reliable index of this element’s deficiency, since hair is not a major place of deposition of copper.67 A typical Western diet supplies 2 to 4 mg of copper per day, and with this intake copper deficiency has never been seen in an adult. During pregnancy, the major portion of the fetus’ copper is obtained during the last 10 weeks of gestation.68 During the first month of life, a premature or term infant typically will retain 100 to 130 μg/kg/day. Malnourished infants have been shown to require anywhere from 40 to 135 μg/kg/day to correct their deficiencies.
Identification of the differentially expressed protein biomarkers in rat blood plasma in response to gamma irradiation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Jia-Li Sun, Shuang Li, Xue Lu, Jiang-Bin Feng, Tian-Jing Cai, Mei Tian, Qing-Jie Liu
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a multifunctional copper-carrying plasma protein and plays a role in copper transportation, regulation of iron homeostasis, antioxidative processes (Vachette et al. 2002; Assemand et al. 2003; Assemand et al. 2007). Cp is considered an acute phase reactive protein, which has a significant impact on the anti-inflammatory (Srinivasan et al. 2006). Previous study found that the activity of Cp protein in mice plasma increased immediately after exposure to ionizing radiation and maintained an activity plateau between 7 and 21 days after irradiation (Xie et al. 2016). In this study, the proteomic analysis showed that the expression levels of Cp protein in irradiated rat increased at different time points following ionizing radiation. However, this result needs to be further validated in an independent set of animal models or human samples.
Changes in cortical protein markers of iron transport with gender, major depressive disorder and suicide
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Brian Dean, Andrew Tsatsanis, Linh Q. Lam, Elizabeth Scarr, James A. Duce
Whilst transferrin, transferrin receptor and ferritin have predominantly featured as markers of iron disruption in the body, largely due to being easily detectable in biofluids, more recently other iron-associated proteins have been detected in blood and reported as different in blood from subjects with brain disorders. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is the major copper-carrying protein in blood (carrying 95% of serum copper) with the copper binding sites being essential for its ferroxidase activity. Cp oxidises Fe2+ (ferrous iron) into Fe3+ (ferric iron) which then saturates the iron binding sites on transferrin (holo-Tf). Cp containing copper (holo-Cp) is found in most biofluids where there is also an inactive form of Cp (apo-Cp) that does not contain copper. Whilst apo-Cp has been of interest in Alzheimer’s disease because it is selectively altered in CSF (Capo et al. 2008), CP is now of interest in mood disorders as it is reported to be higher in the blood from subjects with major depressive disorder (Kaya et al. 2012)
Lowered zinc and copper levels in drug-naïve patients with major depression: Effects of antidepressants, ketoprofen and immune activation
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Ahmed Jasim Twayej, Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim, Arafat Hussein Al- Dujaili, Michael Maes
The findings of the present study should be interpreted with respect to its strengths and limitations. First, it would have been more interesting if we had measured albumin, a Zn and Cu binding protein. Second, since Zn may inhibit or induce the activity of nuclear factor κB (Foster and Samman 2012) it would have been interesting to measure this key molecule in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in relation to cytokine mRNA expression. Third, the assay of ceruloplasmin would help to determine the factors that play a role in the reduced Cu levels during treatment. Fourth, the sample included here was not sufficient to fully appreciate the clinical efficacy of ketoprofen. Nevertheless, the strengths are that Zn and Cu were measured in association with key pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, both in baseline conditions in drug-naïve patients and after antidepressant treatment with or without ketoprofen.