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Potential Significance of Proteases
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Marwa Waheed, Muhammad Bilal Hussain, Sadia Hassan, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
Cellulose digesting enzymes from plant sources were used extensively in beverage and food industries. Additionally, they also have extensive series of applications in food biotechnology. Cellulases ensure their significant utilization as a part of complex enzyme system, for example, cellulases, xylanases, and pectinases, which are being used for clarification of fruit and vegetable juices. Consumption of cellulases could reduce the dependency on fossil fuels via offering a renewable and appropriate source of energy in the form of glucose and their utilization could also solve modern waste disposal problems.43
Antifungal Activity of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
It is a mesophilic and filamentous fungus. T. reesei has the capacity to secrete large amounts of cellulolytic enzymes (cellulases and hemicellulases). Microbial cellulases have industrial application in the conversion of cellulose, a major component of plant biomass, into glucose (Kumar et al. 2008).
The large intestine
Published in Paul Ong, Rachel Skittrall, Gastrointestinal Nursing, 2017
Cellulose is a common component of our diet but we do not produce the enzyme cellulase which is needed to break it down. Bacteria in the gut produce this enzyme resulting in the production of the following substances: fatty acids, lactic acids, methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Fermentation is therefore a major source of flatus in humans. Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane are the primary gases that make up flatus. These gases do not give off an odour. The gases responsible for the distinctive odour flatus provides only make up a small part of flatus and they are hydrogen sulphide, scatols and indols. The make-up and volume of flatus are very much dependent upon what a person eats.
Cellulolytic bacteria in the large intestine of mammals
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Alicia Froidurot, Véronique Julliand
Initially, this classification concerned cellulases, the enzymes that degrade cellulose.94 CAZymes are often multimodular, as they can contain several domains of different families. Cellulases are GHs that cut the β-1,4-d-glucose often associated with one or more CBMs, with the CBM being a noncatalytic protein or internal peptide attached to the catalytic domain. According to the CAZy database, cellulases are found in at least 16 GH families (GH5–9, GH12, GH44–45, GH48, GH51, GH74, and GH124). Cellulases are classified according to their mode of action (Figure 8): endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4), which access long molecules of cellulose and cleave at a random position in the chain; exoglucanases or cellobiohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.176), which cleave cellodextrins of defined sizes at the nonreducing ends and release cellobiose; and β-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21), which hydrolyze cellobiose or cellulo-oligomer (up to 6 molecules of glucose).90 These different types of cellulases work in synergy to completely hydrolyze crystalline cellulose. Few genes in the genomes of humans or other animals encode CAZymes. In the human genomes, 97 GHs were found, and the substrates used by these enzymes are starch, maltose from starch, isomaltose, lactose, sucrose, and trehalose.95 Although an endoglucanase-like protein of the GH9 family was identified, its substrate remains unknown.
Microbially-derived cocktail of carbohydrases as an anti-biofouling agents: a ‘green approach’
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Harmanpreet Kaur, Arashdeep Kaur, Sanjeev Kumar Soni, Praveen Rishi
Cellulose, the most abundant natural biopolymer, is degraded by cellulases with β-1,4 glycoside hydrolytic activity. The cellulose plays a structural role in biofilms, provides strength, and aids in attachment, adherence, and subsequent substrate colonization (Augimeri et al. 2015). The complete degradation of cellulose requires the synergistic action of 3 kinds of cellulases, namely: (i) endoglucanases, (ii) exoglucanases, and (iii) β-glucosidases. The organisms producing cellulases are diverse, including a broad range of bacteria, fungi, and yeast (Acharya and Chaudhary 2012; Behera et al. 2017). The potential use of microbial cellulases in various industries such as the textile industry, pulp, and paper industry, brewing industry, feed and food processing industry, as well as the use of enzymes as additives in detergents have achieved global recognition (Karmakar and Ray 2011; Zhang and Zhang 2013). Moreover, the application of cellulases in biofuel production from agro-industrial waste, such as spent grain from brewers, fruit waste from citrus fruits, sugar cane bagasse, sludge, as well as municipal solid waste and kitchen waste, has become overwhelmingly important. The economic production of value-added products from lignocellulosic waste represents an exciting research area for academic and industrial research groups (Bansal et al. 2012; Rana et al. 2013).
Enhanced oral bioavailability of an etoposide multiple nanoemulsion incorporating a deoxycholic acid derivative–lipid complex
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Saurav Kumar Jha, Hee-Soo Han, Laxman Subedi, Rudra Pangeni, Jee Young Chung, Seho Kweon, Jeong Uk Choi, Youngro Byun, Yong-Hee Kim, Jin Woo Park
ETP, teniposide (internal standard for ETP), methylcellulose (molecular weight: 60,000 Da), hexafluro-2-propanol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), deoxycholic acid, chlorpromazine, methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD), brefeldin A, genistein, actinomycin D, Cys A, ethylene glycol-bis-(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-Cys A, ethylene glycol-bis-(2-clofazimine) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO). Cellulase (105 U/mg) was purchased from Worthington Biochemical Corporation (Lakewood, NJ). Propylene glycol monocaprylate (Capryol 90), caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides (Labrasol), diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol HP), and Tween 80 were provided by Gattefossé (Saint Priest, France). PA (10:0) was obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). All other chemicals for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analyses were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA).