Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Introduction to Genomics
Published in Altuna Akalin, Computational Genomics with R, 2020
Gene regulation drives cellular differentiation; a process during which different tissues and cell types are produced. It also helps cells maintain differentiated states of cells/tissues. As a result of this process, at the final stage of differentiation, different kinds of cells maintain different expression profiles, although they contain the same genetic material. As mentioned above, there are two main types of regulation and next we will provide information on those.
Oncogenes and Cancer
Published in Pimentel Enrique, Oncogenes, 2020
It has been recognized that DNA recombination and gene rearrangements may play a central role in the normal processes of cellular differentiation,276 which is probably also valid in abnormal cell differentiation leading to neoplasia. The possible role of specific chromosome translocations in the origin of hematologic malignant diseases remains undetermined but the high frequency of their occurrence suggest that these translocations are important for the origin and/or development of the respective malignancies. However, these translocations are heterogeneous at the molecular level and they are not present in some cases of the particular diseases. No consistent patterns of altered expression of the translocated proto-oncogenes, c-abl in chronic myelogenous leukemia, and c-myc in B-cell lymphomas, have been found. Rather, in at least some of these tumors the coding sequences of the translocated proto-oncogenes may be unaltered and their polypeptide products may be qualitatively normal and may be produced in normal amount in the tumor cells.
Retinal stem cell research
Published in A Peyman MD Gholam, A Meffert MD Stephen, D Conway MD FACS Mandi, Chiasson Trisha, Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques, 2019
Henry Klassen, Michael J Young, Robert Ritch, Julia E Richards, Teresa Borrάs, Leonard A Levin
Many details need to be worked out to harness the full potential of stem cell technology in the setting of ocular disease. This is particularly true with respect to restoration of the complex, delicate neural network of the retina and optic nerve. In this case, not only cellular differentiation, but also the establishment of functional connections, will be required. In the case of RGCs, this includes growth to the midbrain and hypothalamus, along with the formation of functional, topographically organized connections in the lateral geniculate nucleus. But, in more general terms, there are at least five different areas in which progress needs to be achieved.
Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Catharanthus Roseus Leaves and Their Therapeutic Response in Breast Cancer (MDA-MB-231) Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Apoorva Bangroo, Akshay Malhotra, Uttam Sharma, Aklank Jain, Anupreet Kaur
ZnO NSs are reported to possess antimicrobial activity because of which these can be used as an effective treatment against multi-drug resistance organisms (MDR). The studies have shown that ZnO NSs are effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc. Ease of penetration in the cell interior that casues subsequent cell toxicity is speculated as the major contributor towards their efficacy against microbes. Carcinoma is a state of unconstrained cellular differentiation, which has been treated through numerous available treatments, involving chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical procedure, in the course of the past countless years. Even though all those treatments seem to be useful for the obliteration of cells, they do have a nonselective and stern impact. To succeed over these adverse events, in recent times, nanomedicine-mediated modalities have proven a lot of interest in most cancer therapies since their active-passive targeting, high solubility, bioavailability, biological compatibility, and versatility. Amongst the metallic NPs, ZnO NSs demonstrate enhanced cellular toxicity upon generation of superoxide, foremost oxidative damage and eventually cellular death, until anti-oxidative capability of a cell has surpassed (19).
Brain-eating amoebae: is killing the parasite our only option to prevent death?
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Naveed Ahmed Khan, Jibran Sualeh Muhammad, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
Overall, the induction of encystation in N. fowleri will lead to transformation of virulent amoebae into the ‘avirulent’ form and delay the infection process. As the cell surface receptors leading to conformational changes induce cyst formation, any ligands (molecules in addition to antibody or osmolarity) that can act as a trigger to induce encystation can be used to turn virulent amoebae into the dormant form. Given the large molecular mass, antibodies are unlikely to cross the blood–brain barrier, there is a need to identify permeable compounds to reach the infection site in the CNS to trigger encystation. If small molecules that are blood–brain barrier permeable are identified, this approach can be of potential value in designing combinatorial chemotherapies against this devastating infection. Additionally, differential gene expression analysis using RNA-seq in response to encystation media could be of value in the identification of specific receptors involved in the cellular differentiation process. Bioassay-guided testing of a range of chemical libraries, together with a thorough understanding of the structure, composition, and knowledge of the permeability of the outer surface membrane of Naegleria, would be valuable in determining appropriate treatment regimen against brain-eating amoebae; however, intensive research is needed to realize these expectations.
Study of mutation from DNA to biological evolution
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Masako Bando, Tetsuhiro Kinugawa, Yuichiro Manabe, Miwako Masugi, Hiroo Nakajima, Kazuyo Suzuki, Yuichi Tsunoyama, Takahiro Wada, Hiroshi Toki
Second, biological objects live in the world, where a lot of different possibilities are available. For example, the fate of a stem cell is determined by its ability to respond various epigenetic environmental conditions against mutational or environmental stimulus. In order to describe such process with time irreversibility, the Waddington’s landscape (Waddington 1957) is usually used. It indicates that the fates of stem cells are progressively determined to become various kinds of somatic cells during the cellular differentiation process. On the other hand, physicists had thought that the time development is uniquely determined from our basic equation of motion, where a particle follows its unique path once its initial condition is fixed, namely the rule of nature satisfies the time reversal symmetry, until they found that the irreversible processes commonly exist even in physical phenomena as seen in the phase transition. Now we can find very much similar pictures of landscape in the string cosmology to describe the creation of universe in astrophysics to display the pre-Big Bang universe. Interestingly, the origin of two landscape pictures are traced back to the ‘catastrophe theory’ proposed by Thom, who took contact with Waddington in the early 1940s.