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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The immune system of plants shares similarities with the innate immune system of animals (5). But as plants lack an adaptive immune system, they rely solely on innate immunity to recognize microbial pathogens and pests. Conceptually, plant immunity can be divided into cell-surface and intracellular immunity (5). Since plants are immobile, they have a whole arsenal of defense substances to protect themselves from being eaten (6–8). Most of these defense substances are secondary metabolites including antioxidants, alkaloids, and glycosides. Some of them are used for the preparation of drugs such as quinin, salicylic acid, artemisinin, morphine, digitoxin and so on (6–8).
Oncogenesis and Metastasis
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Growth factorsFunction in extrinsic control of cell cycle through signalling pathways.Examples: epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF).Bind cell surface receptors.Drive cell proliferation.
Immunological Approaches
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Deborah E. Dixon, Susan J. Steiner, Stanley E. Katz
The immunization schedule of a normal spleen donor varies depending upon the nature of the immunizing antigens. Cell surface antigens usually are highly immunogenic when administered on intact cells. A typical protocol involves priming with 2 × 107 cells intraperitoneally and boosting with the same dose 3 weeks later [9].
PFKFB3 downregulation aggravates Angiotensin II-induced podocyte detachment
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Xiaoxiao Huang, Zhaowei Chen, Zilv Luo, Yiqun Hao, Jun Feng, Zijing Zhu, Xueyan Yang, Zongwei Zhang, Jijia Hu, Wei Liang, Guohua Ding
Cell adhesion molecules on the cell surface are involved in numerous physiological processes such as cell adhesion, survival, proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance [46]. Podocytes are anchored to the GBM via many types of cell adhesion molecules [47]. Podocyte detachment is a hallmark of kidney damage. Podocytes detach and become lost before apoptotic caspases are activated [8]. Reduced podocyte adhesion plays an important role in the progression of various podocyte diseases [48–50]. The molecular mechanisms underlying podocyte detachment remain under investigation. Non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1 (Nck) functions in regulating podocyte adhesion, controlling GBM composition, and sustaining filtration barrier integrity through actin organization [51]. The actin-binding protein, α-parvin, regulates the structure and composition of integrin adhesion complexes to prevent podocyte foot process effacement and detachment from the glomerular basement membrane [52]. Here we determined that PFKFB3, an important regulator of glycolysis, mediated podocyte adhesion in vivo and in vitro, thus revealing a new mechanism of podocyte detachment from the perspective of cellular metabolism.
Influencing tumor-associated macrophages in malignant melanoma with monoclonal antibodies
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Rebecca Adams, Gabriel Osborn, Bipashna Mukhia, Roman Laddach, Zena Willsmore, Alicia Chenoweth, Jenny L C Geh, Alastair D MacKenzie Ross, Ciaran Healy, Linda Barber, Sophia Tsoka, Victoria Sanz-Moreno, Katie E Lacy, Sophia N Karagiannis
Although not restricted exclusively to tumor cells, phosphatidylserine (PS) is a target currently being explored in clinical trials in cancer types other than melanoma (in head and neck cancer, NCT04150900; hepatocellular cancer, NCT03519997, NCT05249569; and glioblastoma, NCT03139916). PS is expressed on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in healthy cells. However, it is transported to the cell surface in apoptotic cells. Once bound to its receptor on macrophages, efferocytosis is triggered, allowing the clearing of dead and dying cells.129 The process is immunoregulatory, contributing to inflammation resolution, with efferocytosis causing macrophages to become more immunosuppressive and attenuate NK cell and DC cell activation.130 Aside from being expressed on apoptotic cells, PS expression is upregulated on the cell surface of tumor cells, including in melanoma. Antibodies blocking PS have demonstrated antitumor activity by reducing the immunosuppressive effects caused by efferocytosis, increasing immune cell activation, destruction of tumor vasculature and promotion of a more pro-inflammatory TME.130,131
microRNA-130b-3p delivery by mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes confers protection on acute lung injury
Published in Autoimmunity, 2022
Xiaoxia Wang, Jifeng Feng, Huijun Dai, Jianlan Mo, Bijun Luo, Cheng Luo, Weikang Zhang, Linghui Pan
CD105, CD29, CD44 and CD34 are commonly used to identify MSCs, among which CD105, CD29 and CD44 is a positive marker, whereas CD34 is a negative marker [36,37]. The specific function of the cells is related to its surface markers, and cell surface markers can reflect some basic characteristics of cells. MSCs are a mixed cell population, and their surface antigens are also non-specific, expressing the surface markers of mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells and epidermal cells [38]. CD29, also known as integrin β1, VLA-β chain or gpIIa, is a receptor for various extracellular matrix proteins, and CD29 acts as a fibronectin receptor involved in various cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. CD105, also known as endoglin, is a 90-kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein of the zona pellucida protein (ZP) family. CD44, also known as Hermes, Pgp1, H-CAM or Hutch, is an 80–95 kDa glycoprotein, which is expressed in leukocytes, endothelial cells, hepatocytes and MSCs. CD34 is a transmembrane salivary mucin that may be involved in adhesion and anti-adhesion. Therefore, we chose CD105, CD29, CD44 and CD34 to identify MSCs. Flow cytometry showed that CD105, CD29 and CD44 were positive, and CD34 was negative (Figure 1(A)). Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation experiments uncovered that after oil red O staining, there were red lipid droplets in the cells; in the osteogenic medium, Alizarin Red stained cubes and formed mineralized nodules, indicating that the cells had multi-directional differentiation abilities (Figure 1(B)).