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Biodiscovery of Marine Microbial Enzymes in Indonesia
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Ekowati Chasanah, Pujo Yuwono, Dewi Seswita Zilda, Siswa Setyahadi
In 2019, the value of the global enzyme market was at US$5.6, while in 2020–2027, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) was expected to grow up to 6.4% (US$6 billion). The demand for some enzymes is predicted to rise, especially for the end-use industries, such as biofuel, home cleaning, animal feed, and food and beverage. The demand for carbohydrase and protease is also anticipated to increase in food and beverage applications, particularly in China, India, and Japan. Another factor which affects the large-scale demand is the increase in industrialisation due to the advancement in the nutraceutical sector (Market analysis Report, 2020). In 2020, the value of food enzymes was US$1715.3 million, and by the end of 2026, it is predicted to reach US$2348.2 million. The food enzymes market is segmented into carbohydrase, protease and lipase. Among the global industrial enzyme producers, Novozymes is the largest player of the food enzymes producers, that is, protease, followed by DuPont as transglutaminase producers and AB Enzyme for α-amylase (Market analysis Report, 2020). However, China is also becoming an enzyme producer, and it was reported that 100 companies were involved in enzyme production in China in 2010, in addition to small to medium-sized producers of various enzymes (Kumar et al., 2014).
Allopathic Medicines
Published in Varma H. Rambaran, Nalini K. Singh, Alternative Medicines for Diabetes Management, 2023
Varma H. Rambaran, Nalini K. Singh
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs), such as acarbose (Glucobay) (Figure 2.9a), miglitol (Figure 2.9b), and voglibose (Figure 2.9c), form a new class of “suppressing-based” therapy that target the enzyme, α-glucosidase (AG). AG is an exo-type carbohydrase that is responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates to glucose in the upper gastrointestinal tract (Kumar, Narwal et al. 2011, Lebovitz 1998). As such, the inhibition of the AG enzyme results in a decrease in complex carbohydrate catabolism, which as a consequence, retards the rise in postprandial BG levels (Lebovitz 1998).Structural formulae of α-glucosidase inhibitors: (a) acarbose, (b) miglitol, and (c) voglibose.
Macromolecular Absorption From The Digestive Tract In Young Vertebrates
Published in Károly Baintner, Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules and Immune Transmission from Mother to Young, 2019
In pre-weaning ruminants microbial fermentation of carbohydrates gradually develops in the forestomachs, and lactase activity decreases in the intestine. Carbohydrase activities are low in adult ruminants and there is no sucrase activity at any age.585, 805 The development of proteolytic activity was studied by Walker1516 in the lamb.
Design, synthesis and α-glucosidase inhibition study of novel embelin derivatives
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Xiaole Chen, Min Gao, Rongchao Jian, Weiqian David Hong, Xiaowen Tang, Yuling Li, Denggao Zhao, Kun Zhang, Wenhua Chen, Xi Zheng, Zhaojun Sheng, Panpan Wu
The management of Type 2 diabetes includes hyperglycaemia treatment, diabetic comorbidity prevention, and metabolism adjustment6,7. One therapeutic approach is to retard the absorption of glucose via inhibition of enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase, in the digestive organs8–11. α-Glucosidase is an exo-type carbohydrase widely distributed in microorganisms, plants, and animal tissues. Inhibiting α-glucosidase slows the elevation of blood sugar after meals8,12. α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are a unique class of oral hypoglycaemic agents approved for the prevention and management of Type 2 diabetes. Nowadays, there are four AGIs, including acarbose, miglitol, voglibose, and emiglitate, used in the clinical treatment of Type 2 diabetes9,13. However, current approaches including AGIs have some shortcomings such as safety concerns, limited efficacy, failure in metabolism adjustment, and the prevention of diabetic complications6,9,14. Thus, developing new therapeutic drugs to treat Type 2 diabetes is necessary, and has received wide attention.
In vitro α-glucosidase inhibition by Brazilian medicinal plant extracts characterised by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Mariacaterina Lianza, Ferruccio Poli, Alan Menezes do Nascimento, Aline Soares da Silva, Thamirys Silva da Fonseca, Marcos Vinicius Toledo, Rosineide Costa Simas, Andréa Rodrigues Chaves, Gilda Guimarães Leitão, Suzana Guimarães Leitão
Inhibition of α-glucosidase, an enzyme involved in carbohydrates digestion, represents a strategy to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. α-Glucosidase is the key enzyme catalysing the final step in the digestive process of carbohydrates, It is an exo-type carbohydrase distributed widely in microorganisms, plants, and animal tissues1 which catalyses the liberation of α-glucose from the non-reducing end of the substrate2. Hence, α-glucosidase inhibitors can retard the liberation of α-glucose from dietary complex carbohydrates and delay glucose absorption, resulting in reduced postprandial plasma glucose levels and suppression of postprandial hyperglycemia3,4. In recent years, many efforts have been made to identify effective α-glucosidase inhibitors from natural sources to develop a physiologic functional food or lead compounds for use against diabetes. Several α-glucosidase inhibitors that are phytoconstituents, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, anthocyanins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, among others, have been isolated from plants5. Brazil comprises several areas particularly rich in biodiversity6, as in the case of the Amazon region and the Atlantic Forest7,8. Covering several climatic belts and a wide variety of altitudes and soil types, the Amazon rainforest hosts more than 50,000 plant species9, while the Atlantic Forest hosts more than 20,00010. Starting from a chemotaxonomic approach, 15 extracts from plant species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Amazon region were tested against α-glucosidase enzyme. The selected plants belong to plant genera for which anti-diabetic activity is documented11–26. Specifically, medicinal plants from five genera, namely Lippia, Lantana, Hyptis, Solanum, and Struthanthus were tested in this study. Modern mass spectrometry (MS) is being successfully used for natural products discovery, in the characterisation of components in plant extracts mixtures, providing data on weight and molecular formula, enabling the identification of characteristic fragments of a molecule27. The development of new powerful tools to process MS data, such as MZmine 2 software, have allowed faster dereplication and structural elucidation of metabolites, which is leading to a boom in screening new biologically active compounds. In this way, the extracts inhibiting α-glucosidase enzyme were characterised by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to MS.