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Learning Engineering Applies the Learning Sciences
Published in Jim Goodell, Janet Kolodner, Learning Engineering Toolkit, 2023
Jim Goodell, Janet Kolodner, Aaron Kessler
Similarly, while stress is a necessary and important factor in human development, chronically high levels of stress, without buffering, derail healthy brain development and impact school and work performance.41 In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, Pamela Cantor co-authored a study that found more New York City school children were traumatized by their experience of growing up in poverty than by what they had witnessed on that terrifying day. Her organization, Turnaround for Children, applies learning science to help schools counter such negative influences. According to Cantor, “It’s impossible to feel curious, for example, while also feeling threatened.” The good news, she says, is that science also tells us that the brain is malleable and given the right environment, children and adults can learn the skills and mindsets for success in learning and in life.
General assessment of children and young people
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Sylvia Garry, Joia de Sa, Emma Sherwood, Sarah May Johnson, Amy Potter, Jess Atkinson
The period from pregnancy through early childhood is the most critical for healthy brain development; 80% of neurological development happens before the age of three. During these early sensitive periods, a child’s developing brain connections are highly susceptible to both positive and negative external influences. A concentration of adverse experiences for children in fragile contexts can interrupt and impair normal brain development.
Pregnancy
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Nancy L. Eriksen, Kristi R. VanWinden, Anne Bingham, John McHugh
High levels of stress can also negatively impact fetal brain development. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging scans show a decrease in hippocampal volume and a decrease in cortical gyrification in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain in women with psychological distress leading to anxiety.191 In addition, stress can alter fetal brain connectivity between the brainstem and sensorimotor areas.192 Cumulatively, these findings suggest that high stress during pregnancy can result in fetal programming of the brain that goes on to affect their offspring.
Nutritional stress timing differentially programs cognitive abilities in young adult male mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Bruno G. Berardino, Fabricio Ballarini, Mariela Chertoff, Lionel M. Igaz, Eduardo T. Cánepa
The impact of chronic exposure to environmental adversities on brain regions involved in cognition and mental health depends on whether it occurs during the perinatal period, childhood, adolescence or adulthood [1–3]. In fact, there are periods in which the brain has increased sensitivity to environmental stimuli. During these periods, the brain exhibits great plasticity and the environment can shape neural circuits determining the structural and functional aspects of the brain and behavior throughout the lifespan of the individual. It is through this programming effect on the central nervous system that life experiences are thought to confer either vulnerability or resilience regarding later psychopathology [4–6]. Indeed, an environment enriched with social stimulation, suitable nutrition and parental care provides the opportunity for optimal brain development. Conversely, adverse experiences such as extreme poverty, nutritional deficiency, social deprivation or abuse interfere with normal brain growth [7–9].
Effects of maternal deprivation stress and maternal dietary of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the neurobehavioral development of male offspring
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Rui Yang, Mengqi Zhang, Ying Xue, Rong Yang, Mimi Tang, Ruili Dang
Early-life stress has profound effect on brain development and has an important correlation with human psychiatric disorders. Maternal deprivation (MD), an animal model for early-life stress that disrupts the normal maternal–infant interaction, is considered one of the most powerful stressors in rodents. It has been shown that repeated separation of rat pups from their mother increases behavioral fearfulness and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) response to stress [1]. Moreover, maternally separated pups exhibit high stress hormone responsiveness and alterations in emotional and behavioral regulations when challenged in specific experimental environments [2]. The effects of MD might involve a range of mechanisms, such as changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and alterations in neuropeptide expression in the brain [3]. Other evidence also has been provided that maternal separation induces long-lasting disturbances in cognitive, emotional and other behavioral performances [4]. In addition, short-term neurofunctional outcomes are described as related to long-term functional deficits, which has drawn the attention to the predictive value and necessity of short-term evaluation. However, the majority of studies only focus on the long-term effects of MD stress on neurological function deficits in adult rats. Relatively, the short-term consequence of the physical and neurobehavioral developments in rat offspring remains unknown.
Early childhood experiences and cognitive risk factors for anxiety symptoms among college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Danielle L. Taylor, Hannah C. Espeleta, Jacob D. Kraft, DeMond M. Grant
Evaluating RNT as an outcome of ACEs and as a risk factor for anxiety symptoms, such as worry, may aid in determining points for intervention among college students. In a longitudinal study, rumination mediated the relationship between adolescent stressful life events and adult anxiety.19 Additionally, RNT is predictive of increased anxiety in adults.20,21 Early adverse experiences are posited to disrupt typical brain development due to the impact of chronic stress,22,23 which may in turn lead to maladaptive stress.24,25 This dysregulation has been highlighted as a potential mechanism for heightened rates of anxiety in adults with histories of adversity.26 In fact, emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and GAD symptoms.27 Therefore, chronic worry is a consequence of emotion dysregulation, as worry is used to minimize or avoid distressing emotional experiences.28