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The Psychological Aspect of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Published in Adam Gledhill, Dale Forsdyke, The Psychology of Sports Injury, 2021
Recent work has discussed the concept of ‘learned helplessness’ after ACL injury where it is speculated that neural impairments of the involved limb interact with psychological function to negatively influence performance (Burland et al., 2019). This either creates an avoidance response or a feeling of distress that certain tasks can no longer be completed, and consequently full recovery is never achieved. It is therefore clear that an ACL injury has the potential to elicit a significant psychological response, which may continue long after the injury has occurred, and the chain of psychological sequelae can influence rehabilitation and return-to-sport outcomes, which will be the focus of this chapter.
The Toxic Environment and Its Medical Implications with Special Emphasis on Smoke Inhalation
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Jacob Loke, Richard A. Matthay, G. J. Walker. Smith
Conditioned avoidance response (Dilley et al., 1979) and hind-leg flexion avoidance response (Hartzell et al., 1983) are techniques used for animal incapacitation studies. The EC50 is the concentration of smoke or other gas that effects a 50% hind-leg flexion avoidance response within a defined test time frame, while the ET50 is the time required to effect a 50% hind leg flexion avoidance response for a particular concentration of gas (Hartzell et al., 1983). Histopathology and bronchoalveolar lavage studies of the respiratory system, and biological assays of blood of the laboratory animals are other important studies use for evaluation of the toxic environment (Herndon et al., 1984; Fick et al., 1984; Henderson et al., 1981; Loke et al., 1981). The above studies can be used in either acute or chronic exposure experiments.
Role of vitamin B12 on behavioral changes in SHRSP
Published in H. Saito, Y. Yamori, M. Minami, S.H. Parvez, New Advances in SHR Research –, 2020
Masaru Minami, Shin-Ichi Kimura, Ken-Ichi Ueno, Toru Endo, Yoshio Monma, Hiroko Togashi, Machiko Matsumoto, Mitsuhiro Yoshioka, Hideya Saito, Hasan S. Parvez
In 15-weeks-old SHRSP, we found that CSF norepinephrine concentration was significantly higher and S-HT levels were significantly lower than those in age-matched WKY. On the other hand, CSF ACh concentration was significantly lower in SHRSP than that in WKY (Togashi et al., 1991). CSF ACh levels were reported to correlate negatively with degree of dementia evaluated by Memory and Information Test (Davis et al., 1982). In this study, daily ambulation decreased with aging in both SHRSP and WKY. At stroke, the ambulatory activity in the light phase increased abruptly followed by a desynchronization with the light and dark alternative cycles. Moreover, a much longer periodicity was observed in addition to the 24 h periodicity in the SHRSP which died from cerebral infarction or hemorrhage (Fig.3). These observation may correspond to behavioral changes such as delirium-state observed in patients with dementia. In our another study, the significant impairment in passive avoidance response observed in SHRSP may reflect a disturbance of memory (Togashi et al., 1991). From the behavioral and neurochemical study, we have proposed that SHRSP may be one of vascular dementia-animal models caused by cerebrovascular lesions.
Cognitive avoidance as a coping mechanism in patients with opioid use disorders (OUDs): a cross-sectional study in Western Iran
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Jalal Shakeri, Vahid Farnia, Touraj Ahmadi Jouybari, Safora Salemi, Bahareh Rahami, Bahareh Soltani, Mehdi Moradinazar, Mostafa Alikhani
In order to explain this finding, it can be said that the majority of patients with OUDs not only avoid certain circumstances (behavioral avoidance), but they may also avoid thinking about their problems as well (cognitive avoidance) (Hong et al., 2017). Furthermore, it can be said that one of the causes of increased vulnerability of individuals to using drugs is their high sensitivity to stress and their tendency to use avoidance strategies to prevent facing stressful situations (Gilbertson et al., 2019; Sinha, 2008). Neglecting and denying unpleasant emotions causes reduced self-awareness of emotions and the denial of current conditions. This can affect drug use in various aspects (Hyman & Sinha, 2009). For instance, the implicit denial of problems and avoiding facing current realities and neglecting them while like any other avoidance response can temporary mitigate the individual’s distress, it is not a strategy which can be beneficial and compatible in the long run (Gyawali et al., 2016). Rather, in the long run, such a strategy can cause more problems. This is because avoidance responses may distance the individual more and more from his or her internal and external realities and his or her ability to understand and obtain accurate and reality-based feedback, which makes them miss the opportunity to take the accurate, proper, and effective measures (Oakland, 2015; Serowik & Orsillo, 2019; Shorey et al., 2017).
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire: Factor Structure Based on CFA and ESEM, and Associations with ADHD
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2021
Rapson Gomez, Shaun Watson, Johan Van Wynen, Steven Trawley, Vasileios Stavropoulos, Philip J. Corr
Given our findings for the BIS, and the theoretical and conceptual characteristics of the BIS, it follows that high IA and HI will be associated with resolving reward-punishment conflicts. In general, such conflicts will result in an approach response when it is perceived that the conflict experienced has relatively low punishment. In contrast, it will result in active avoidance or escape response when it is perceived that the conflict experienced has relatively high punishment (Corr & Cooper, 2016). However, properly to evaluate the relative potential for reward and punishment in a conflict, the individual needs to exert effortful executive processing (Corr & Cooper, 2016). Given that ADHD is associated with deficits in executive functioning (Barkley, 1997; Willcutt et al., 2005), it can be speculated that high levels of ADHD symptoms will reduce one’s ability to deal with the conflicts effectively and appropriately in a timely manner. Given that ADHD is associated with heightened BAS-Impulsivity sensitivity, it is conceivable that in real time this would result in the approach response dominating the avoidance response in view of heightened BAS-Impulsivity sensitivity.
Depression, anxiety and acute pain: links and management challenges
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2019
Athena Michaelides, Panagiotis Zis
Many models have been developed that demonstrate that the fear of pain and pain anxiety have a role in the development of chronic pain and disability [42]. The fear-avoidance response pattern and fear-avoidance model are cognitive models where, in cases of acute pain, the interpretation of pain as harmful (catastrophizing) leads to subsequent fear of pain or pain-related movements. This further encourages avoidance of potential harmful movements and activities. As a consequence of physical disuse, pain disability develops in the long-term [42]. In addition to the development of disability, the avoidance-endurance model describes how patterns of dysfunctional cognitive, affective and behavioral responses to pain contribute to the development of chronic pain. Presence of anxiety leads to maladaptive emotion processing, which contributes to maintenance of pain in the long-term [42].