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Hormones as Immune Modulating Agents
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
During acute-phase reactions new proteins (acute-phase reactants) synthesized in the liver rise to extremely high levels in the serum at the expense of other serum proteins. Some of these proteins, such as C reactive protein (CRP) and endotoxin binding protein (EBP), represent ancient defense molecules capable of recognizing surface moieties that commonly occur on pathogenic microbes. After combining with their specific ligand, they activate humoral and cell-mediated immune defense reactions of the host nonspecifically. Other acute-phase proteins influence blood clotting (fibrinogen), exert an antiinflammatory effect, or function as enzyme inhibitors. All of these functions are likely to be essential for the survival of the host. The specific immune response is profoundly suppressed and cytokine production is tightly controlled, primarily by the HPA axis, during acute-phase reactions. Acute-phase reaction (APR) is characterized by catabolism, with the exception of bone marrow and leukocyte metabolism, which is greatly enhanced. One may suggest that the acute-phase response is an emergency reaction to fight infectious disease, and other harmful insults, in cases where the specific immune response failed to control the situation. Therefore, specific immune responses are switched off and the body resorts to more ancient responses which are less specific but can be mounted within 24–48 hr and provide a wide spectrum of defense against numerous microbes and other harmful agents [355].
Cytokine Regulation of Cholangiocyte Growth
Published in Gianfranco Alpini, Domenico Alvaro, Marco Marzioni, Gene LeSage, Nicholas LaRusso, The Pathophysiology of Biliary Epithelia, 2020
The systemic response to acute inflammation, infection or tissue injury, referred to as the acute phase response, encompasses a wide range of physiological changes that are initiated immediately after the physical insult has occurred. Among these changes is a marked alteration in the biosynthetic profile of the liver, resulting in a dramatic increase in the synthesis and secretion of several proteins referred to as the acute phase reactants. This increase is largely controlled at the transcriptional level, and mediated by a series of inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6 and IL-1, as well as glucocorticoids and growth factors. The specific effects of systemic inflammation on cholangiocyte growth and function are unknown, but IL-1 stimulates production of IL-6, a potent biliary epithelial mitogen in vitro, and high levels of inflammatory cytokines may be present in bile.8
Rheumatology
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Clarissa Pilkington, Kiran Nistala, Helen Lachman, Paul Brogan
Attacks are often far less distinct than in FMF, precipitated by minor stress, travel, menstrual cycle or diet. Prolonged attacks occur, lasting 1–3 weeks (symptoms are near continuous in 30%). 50% give no clear family history. Features include: Fever >95%.Arthralgia and myalgia in 80%, often with centripetal migration.Abdominal pain in 80%.Rash in 70%: erythematous, oedematous plaques, discrete reticulate or serpiginous lesions (Fig. 17.44). Headache, pleuritic pain, lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis and periorbital oedema.Symptoms are accompanied by a marked acute phase response.
Acute hazard assessment of silver nanoparticles following intratracheal instillation, oral and intravenous injection exposures
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Ali Kermanizadeh, Nicklas R. Jacobsen, Agnieszka Mroczko, David Brown, Vicki Stone
The acute-phase response is a vital systemic response to disturbances to local and/or systemic homeostasis caused by a variety of factors including infection, injury, trauma or immunological disorders. The most significant proportion of acute-phase response proteins are manufactured and secreted by the liver in response to cytokines IL1 and IL6. Here, SAA3 levels were measured as an indicator of such a response following the NP challenge. The data showed that the exposure to Ag NPs resulted in a dose-dependent increase in SAA3 levels in the appropriate animals, most notable for the IV route of exposure but also following IT exposure albeit at lower levels. There was no evidence of an SAA3 response following oral exposure at the specific doses and time-points measured (Figure 2).
Vitamin D-binding protein as a biomarker to confirm specific clinical diagnoses
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Barbara Lisowska-Myjak, Aleksandra Jóźwiak-Kisielewska, Jacek Łukaszkiewicz, Ewa Skarżyńska
Elevated plasma DBP concentrations may be due to the following factors: High estrogen concentrations. The physiological and pathological conditions associated with high estrogen concentrations include pregnancy and hormonal contraception use. Elevated levels of DBP, especially the DBP-actin complex in maternal serum during pregnancy may result from the high turnover of trophoblasts in the placental villous tissue that is in direct contact with maternal blood [1,32].Acute phase response. Elevated plasma concentrations of DBP were associated with disease severity and positively correlated with neutrophil counts and neutrophil percentages as well as with increased levels of systemic inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, IL-6 and procalcitonin [3,20,23,33].
Acute phase response and inflammation following pulmonary exposure to low doses of zinc oxide nanoparticles in mice
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Niels Hadrup, Feriel Rahmani, Nicklas R. Jacobsen, Anne T. Saber, Petra Jackson, Stefan Bengtson, Andrew Williams, Håkan Wallin, Sabina Halappanavar, Ulla Vogel
The acute-phase response is a systemic reaction elicited by the organism in response to tissue injury or infection (Saber et al. 2014). However, persistent or recurring acute-phase responses are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (Ridker et al. 2000; Saber et al. 2014). In a recent study, inhalation of ZnO nanoparticles was shown to induce the acute phase response in humans. Human inhalation of ZnO nanoparticles induces ZnO dose-dependent increases in body temperature and, neutrophilia at 1 and 2 mg/m3. Increased blood levels of acute-phase response protein SAA was observed at 1 and 2 mg/m3 and increased CRP already at 0.5 mg/m3 (Monsé et al. 2018). Notably, these effects were observed at doses that are below the occupational exposure limit for ZnO in many countries (Monsé et al. 2018; Vogel and Cassee 2018). In a separate study, acute exposure of healthy human adults to 0.5 mg/m3 mass concentration of ZnO (<0.1 µm in diameter) for 2 h did not result in acute-phase response or inflammation (Beckett et al. 2005).