China
Africa
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Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Contains volatile oil, fixed oil, glucose, circa 63% of free acids, 37% ethyl esters.2 Dry fruits contain beta-sitosterol (said to have both aphrodisiac and anticancer activity).4,10,15 On alkaline hydrolysis, the shrubs yield 61.8% p-oxybenzoic acid, 0.6% p-oxybenzaldehyde, 1.5% vanillic acid, 0.3% vanillin, 0.6% acetovanillone, 1.0% syringic acid, 0.8% syrin-galdehyde, 0.9% acetosyringone, and 1.9% ferulic acid. In the seed oil there is stearic acid and the glycerides of capric-, lauric-, myristic-, palmitic-, and oleic-acids. The fruit contains carotene, lipase, tannin, resin, circa 28.2% invert sugar, mannitol; the dried fruit contains 0.0189% beta-sitosterol and 0.022% beta-sitosterol-d-glucoside; anthranilic acid and three flavonoids. Beta-sitosterol probably lies behind the counterculture claims that saw palmetto berries will enlarge the breasts. There are relatively high concentrations of free and bound sitosterols in dry berries. Injected into immature female mice, beta-sitosterol is estrogenic. Still, the saw palmetto extract is only 1/10,000 as potent as estradiol. Pure beta-sitosterol is less than 1/10 as potent. Further, the studies injected the sitosterols, which are poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Since beta-sitosterol is not very soluble in water, herb teas would not contain much in solution, so Tyler concludes, perhaps correctly (but his conclusion could readily be tested analytically), “a cup of saw palmetto tea contains about as much real estrogenic activity as a cup of hot water.”37 The fruit flesh contains about 1.5% palmetto oil, up to 63% free fatty acids and caproic-, caprylic-, capric-, lauric-, palmitic-, and oleic-acids, and up to 38% of their ethyl esters.33
The Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium-Legume Symbiosis
Published in Peter M. Gresshoff, Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 2018
An interesting parallel to this scenario is the ability of another member of the Rhizobiaceae, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to respond to plant signals and induce new plant cell divisions which result in crown gall tumors. Specifically, plant phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone induce the vir genes on the bacterial Ti plasmid, enabling the bacteria to transfer a segment of plasmid DNA (the T-DNA) into the plant genome, leading to synthesis of plant hormones (controlled by genes on the T-DNA) and tumor formation.111,112 Crown gall tumors and, in some cases, nodules, produce compounds (opines and rhizopines, respectively) that can be catabolized by the associated Agrobacterium or Rhizobium strains.112a,112b However, many of the specific biochemical steps in tumor formation and nodule formation are obviously different, for the following reasons: nod Genes show no homology to vir or one genes.There is no evidence for transfer of Rhizobium DNA into the plant genome.Nodule-specific plant proteins (nodulins) are not found in tumors.The structures of Agrobacterium-induced tumors and Rhizobium-induced nodules are quite distinct.Nodule formation is repressed by nitrate in the plant growth medium, while tumor formation is not.
Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants, 2017
“Saw Palmetto”ACETOSYRINGONE WD HHBACETOVANILLONE WD HHBANTHRANDLIC-ACID FR HHBARABINOSE FR411/CAPRIC-ACID FR HHBCAPROIC-ACID FR HHBCAPRYLIC-ACID FR HHBBETA-CAROTENE FR HHBEO 5,400–20,000 FR HHB 411/FAT 40,000–128,000 FR HHBFERULIC-ACID FR HHBLAURIC-ACID SD HHBLIPASE FR HHBMANNITOL FR HHBMYRISTIC-ACID SD HHBOLEIC-ACID SD HHBP-OXYBENZALDEHYDE WD HHBP-OXYBENZOIC-ACID WD HHBPALMITIC-ACID SD HHABBETA-SITOSTEROL 189 FR HHBBETA-SITOSTEROL-D-GLUCOSIDE 220 FR HHBSTEARIC-ACID SD HHBSYRINGALDEHYDE WD HHBSYRINGIC-ACID WD HHBTANNIN 75,800 RT HHBTANNIN 54,800 ST HHBVANILLIC-ACID WD HHBVANILLIN WD HHB
Construction of bicistronic cassette for co-expressing hepatitis B surface antigen and mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor as adjuvant in tobacco plant
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Sara Mohammadzadeh, Hamideh Ofoghi, Mina Ebrahimi-Rad, Parastoo Ehsani
Young leaves of Nicotiana tabacum cultivar Xanthi were agroinfiltrated (Kapila et al. 1997). Briefly, an isolated colony of transformed agrobacteria containing the cloned pDE1001 binary vectors was separately grown in 5 mL YEB medium supplemented with 50 µg/mL spectinomycin and 50 µg/mL rifampicin for 48 h at 28 °C in a shaker incubator (250 rpm). Subsequently, the 5 mL bacterial cultures of Agrobacterium harbouring the specific plasmid construct were used to separately inoculate 50 mL fresh YEB media containing 10 mM 2-(n-morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid (MES) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) adjusted pH to 5.6, and then 20 µM acetosyringone (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and the antibiotics were added to autoclaved media. The cultures were grown overnight at 28 °C to log phase (OD600=0.8 – 1.0) and centrifuged independently at 5000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. The pellets were resuspended in MMA medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts, 10 mM MES, 20 g/L sucrose, pH 5.6 and 200 µM acetosyringone to a final OD600 2.4 and kept at 22 °C for 1 h and then used for infiltrations. Tobacco leaves were submerged in bacterial suspension and vacuumed at 0.1–1 mbar twice each for 10–15 min. Leaves must be kept in solution by shaking or heavy metallic material. The vacuum was broken rapidly each time to allow the agrobacteria-containing media to fill the interstitial spaces of the leaves replacing the vacuumed air. The infiltrated leaves were washed briefly with sterile water and kept on wet Whatman paper no. 40 with adaxial side upwards. Petri dishes were sealed with parafilm and placed at 22 °C under 16 h light/8 h dark condition.