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Edible Vaccine
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Vivek K. Chaturvedi, Sushil K. Dubey, N. Tabassum, M.P. Singh
A gene of interest is inserted into the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium. This whole construct is allowed to be transformed into the plant cells.20,40 This approach is time-consuming with lower yield. However, in case of dicotelydenous plants like potato, tomato, and tobacco, 11 the result is satisfactory. Researchers have proved experimentally that this method is somehow good for some plants.55
Physiology of Moss-Bacterial Associations
Published in R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla, Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Luretta D. Spiess, Barbara B. Lippincott, James A. Lippincott
These bacteria-moss effects depend on physical contact between the two organisms in all but a few instances, and this feature may contribute to the specificity of these interactions. Separation of bacteria from moss by bacteria-retaining filters in a parabiotic chamber eliminates the ability of the bacteria to induce gametophores.99 Heat-killed Agrobacterium tumefaciens, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or plant cell wall preparations to which the bacterium adheres when added with viable agrobacteria all reduce gametophore production in a concentration-dependent manner. These substances are inactive if added several hours after the viable bacteria, consistent with a mode of inhibition that results from preventing adherence of the viable bacteria to the moss.91,99,100 Site binding is also essential for disease induction by agrobacteria in higher plants.101
Genetics as a Tool to Understand Structure and Function
Published in Peter M. Gresshoff, Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 2018
The final step in genetic engineering is the incorporation of donor genes, isolated and amplified in bacterial plasmids, into the genomes of eukaryotic cells in which they will be expressed and inherited by progeny cells. It happens that a common soil bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens which produces tumors in dicotyledonous plants, normally does this in nature and offers a tool for artificial gene transfer. Briefly, A. tumefaciens carries a temperature-sensitive tumor-inducing (Ti) conjugal plasmid. Following infection of the plant, a small fraction of the plasmid DNA (the T fraction) is transferred to the plant cells and integrated into their DNA which is thereafter replicated and inherited by daughter cells. Intensive genetic analysis of the Ti plasmid has identified a number of genes concerned with tumorogenesis on the T-DNA,
Reproducibility and flexibility of monoclonal antibody production with Nicotiana benthamiana
Published in mAbs, 2022
Kelsi Swope, Josh Morton, Gregory P. Pogue, Leigh Burden, Nicholas Partain, Steve Hume, John Shepherd, Carrie A. Simpson, Miles B. Brennan, Thomas C. Furman, Sheila Kingrey-Gebe, Theresa Martinez, Jim McDonough, Michael H. Pauly, Kevin J. Whaley, Larry Zeitlin, Barry Bratcher, Hugh Haydon
Other methods for manufacturing mAbs, such as production in Chinese hamster ovary cells, typically require 6–12 months for suitable cell line development from mAb identification to IND readiness.24 Using the KBP manufacturing platform as an example for PMP production, KBP has submitted an IND application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration within 6 months of identifying the protein. In the KBP growth space, plants require 24–26 days to reach the proper growth stage for infiltration. During this plant growing period, Agrobacterium with the antibody-encoding plasmids is cultured. Post Agrobacterium infiltration, plants grow for 7 additional days prior to harvest. The manufacturing process can be completed in 3 days. With plants of the proper growth stage and plasmids encoding the antibodies in Agrobacterium, we have condensed the timeline to produce a batch of mAb to ~10 days from infiltration of the plants to certificate of analysis of the final product. With this platform, to produce a 3 mAb cocktail, we have performed 70 manufacturing harvests that yielded 38 batches of 3 distinct plant-made mAbs in 20 months. Of the 38 batches, 20 were for a single mAb product (c4G7).
Modern vaccine strategies for emerging zoonotic viruses
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Atif Ahmed, Muhammad Safdar, Samran Sardar, Sahar Yousaf, Fiza Farooq, Ali Raza, Muhammad Shahid, Kausar Malik, Samia Afzal
The major strategies used to produce plant-based vaccines are nuclear, transplastomic, and viral vector transformation. Nuclear transformation is a very simple and widely used method because the foreign antigen is inserted into the nuclear genome. Agrobacterium tumefaciens or gene gun-mediated transformation is used for gene transfer. The nuclear transformation results in the continuous production of recombinant proteins. Additionally, nuclear transformation also results in the post-translational modification that takes place in eukaryotic systems [93,94]. But it is also coupled with some disadvantages including, lower expression level, gene silencing, position effect, and a chance of contamination. The chloroplast transformation overcomes some of the drawbacks of nuclear transformation, which has hampered commercialization as a plant-based recombinant vaccine. The desired gene (for an antigen) is directly introduced into the genome of the plant chloroplast by using a particle cannon. Most of the currently reported edible vaccines were produced by this method because of the high stability in gene expression. In chloroplasts, many viral antigens like rotavirus and canine parvovirus were expressed. Through overcoat and epic at technologies, several viruses such as cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), alfalfa mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), tomato bushy stunt virus, and potato virus are designed to express the part of antigenic protein on their surface as reviewed in [95].
Plant-made vaccines against parasites: bioinspired perspectives to fight against Chagas disease
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Abel Ramos-Vega, Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante, Eric Dumonteil, Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernández, Carlos Angulo
On the other hand, the biological methods for transformation include mainly two: (1) agroinfiltration and (2) magnifection using viral vectors. Currently, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most popular method to achieve this modification since it has advantages, which include transfer of DNA pieces with defined ends and minimal genetic rearrangement; transfer of relatively large DNA segments; integration of small numbers of gene copies into plant chromosomes; and high quality and fertility of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous transgenic plants. Stable inheritance and transgene expression in the progeny have also been demonstrated [71]. However, the transgene is nonspecifically inserted into the genome, which may cause the silencing mechanism induction that dampers high productivity. The Agrobacterium-mediated delivery of viral vectors has consolidated as a highly efficient strategy to achieve rapid production of heterologous protein in plants. This concept has been further applied to biopharmaceutical and vaccine production [73].