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Soybean-Based Functional Foods Through Microbial Fermentation: Processing and Biological Activities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Arijit Nath, Titas Ghosh, Abinit Saha, Klára Pásztorné Huszár, Szilvia Bánvölgyi, Renáta Gerencsérné Berta, Ildikó Galambos, Edit Márki, Gyula Vatai, Andras Koris, Arpita Das
Multidrug-resistant mechanisms by chemically synthesized antimicrobial compounds are [35, 115] are: Genetic modifications, such as: (i) mutational resistance; and (ii) horizontal gene transfer;Mechanistic based modifications, such as: (i) partially modifications in the antibiotic molecule; (ii) decrease antibiotic penetration and efflux; (iii) changes in target sites; and (iv) global cell adaptations.
Basic Microbiology
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Unlike eukaryotic cells, bacteria can transfer DNA sequences between individuals that are not of the same lineage. This can occur between members of the same species or between different species. The three main mechanisms that bacteria use to perform horizontal gene transfer are listed here. Transformation—DNA found within the extracellular environment of the bacteria is actively taken up into the bacteria and is used either in its native state, such as with plasmids, or incorporated into the genome, as with chromosomal DNA sequences. The utilization of these sequences can often confer drastic new phenotypes on the bacteria that harbor those sequences.Transduction—Viruses that are present, incorporated into the chromosome of a bacterium, exit the infected bacteria to infect new host cells. In the process, they remove small portions of the chromosome of the infected bacteria. In the new host, these sequences are integrated into the new host genome.Conjugation—As mentioned previously, bacteria that are able to conjugate by producing sex pili can transfer DNA sequences across the pili and lead to incorporation of new chromosomal sequences within the other mating bacteria.
Psychosis and stories
Published in Alex Jelly, Adel Helmy, Barbara A. Wilson, Life After a Rare Brain Tumour and Supplementary Motor Area Syndrome, 2019
Looking across at the patient opposite, and seeing her reading something behind my bed, scanning and then, as I looked at her, pretending not to. What was she looking at? Of course! Her bacteria were learning the language of humans.“Please turn me.”“No thank you, I won’t have any antibiotics.”“May I have a lollipop, please?” They’re so much more sophisticated than their hosts. They were here first, creating life from chemical vents under the ocean. They specialise in horizontal gene transfer. They’ve hitched lifts to the moon. They live off and with hosts so numerous and diverse that their survival is guaranteed. Being able to morph into any form, travelling on clouds. Being able to withstand radioactivity far greater than anything found on Earth. (And why is that? They must have grand plans!)
Epidemiology of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injuries in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Laijun Yan, Haiya Ge, Yan Zhang, Nan Li
For those disparities, we attribute very much to the national prevention efforts achieved by the Chinese government since 2012.26 Ordinarily, there are many conditions associated with AMR. Apart from intrinsically resistance, bacterial resistance to antibiotics can be acquired via horizontal gene transfer and mutations in chromosomal genes.27 While, the abuse of antibiotics accelerates the mutation of AMR. In the past, per capita consumption in China was much higher than in Europe and other developed countries.28 In recent years, the situation has improved: studies in China have demonstrated that the antibiotic utilization in out-patient in tertiary medical institutions had dropped from 19.4% in 2010 to 7.7% in 2017, and inpatient’s consumption of antibiotics, in 2010, had dropped from 67.3% to 36.8% in 2017.29,30 What accompanied is a slowdown in the increase of AMR.
Infectious disease burden among forcibly displaced populations: considerations for effective research
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Studies suggest that the human microbiome has an important role in modulating disease and is influenced by both genetics and environmental factors. Horizontal gene transfer between bacteria in the microbiome may lead to the transfer of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes between pathogens and commensal bacteria, which may serve as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes for pathogens [6]. Thus, many studies seek to compare the microbiomes of refugees and migrants compared to the host population. However, it is known that the microbiome composition, including carriage of drug-resistant bacteria, will differ by location or occupation, due to numerous factors. Such environmental factors include diet, stress, exercise, drinking water and exposure to antibiotics and antiparasitic medicines, all of which may change dramatically during migration. Indeed, immigrants from Thailand to the US lost bacterial enzymes associated with plant fiber degradation, and dietary changes in the US were significantly associated with these microbiome changes [7]. Hence, it is both expected and not alarming that displaced populations will have different microbiomes, which will likely shift when adapting to new lifestyle behaviors.
The development of live biotherapeutics against Clostridioides difficile infection towards reconstituting gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Yongrong Zhang, Ashley Saint Fleur, Hanping Feng
At the time of writing, NTCD-M3 is the only biotherapeutic using single-species bacteria that has demonstrated efficacy in reducing recurrent CDI in the clinic. Compared to FMT-related strategies, the NTCD-M3 has a clearer genetic background. Preparation is reproducible and low cost. However, there are a couple of concerns about widespread clinical use, such as antibiotic resistance gene transfer and toxin gene acquisition.93 Horizontal gene transfer occurs both between bacteria of the same species and between different species through variant mechanisms.94–96,C. difficile strains are known to be resistant to a wide spectrum of antibiotics. Extensive use of a highly antibiotic resistant strain of NTCD would increase the risk of spreading antibiotic resistance to other bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Meanwhile, the co-colonized toxigenic C. difficile strain may convert the NTCD to a toxin producer strain by horizontal gene transfer.97