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Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Therapy Using Viruses
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
Besides using viruses as vaccines to induce antibody protection in the body, scientists are developing viruses to deliver the antibodies themselves, by expressing broadly neutralizing antibodies for therapy (Mietzsch and Agbandje-McKenna 2017; Lin and Balazs 2018). Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, are experiencing renewed interest as alternatives to antibiotics or as a treatment in cases of antibiotic resistance (Salmond and Fineran 2015; Lostroh 2019). Other researchers are exploring the use of viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from viruses to bring drugs to certain areas of the body that cannot be reached through conventional drug delivery methods. For example, scientists are using VLPs derived from a flock house virus to deliver a chemotherapy drug directly to tumor cells (Ghosh and Banerjee 2021). As you can see, modified viruses are being utilized for many different types of therapies to treat all different kinds of diseases, from the preventative stage as a vaccine onward to first-line treatments and beyond.
A Review on L-Asparaginase
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Chitinase has antimicrobial activity. The chitin, which is present in the cell wall of most pathogenic organisms like fungi, protozoa and helminths, is a good target for antimicrobials (Fusetti et al., 2002). The lytic enzymes derived from bacteriophages can be utilized for the treatment of several infections. They also exhibit activity against new resistant bacterial species. Proteolytic enzymes isolated from bacterial sources have anti-inflammatory properties. These proteolytic enzymes are also employed to eliminate burned skin (Gurung et al., 2013).
Acinetobacter — Microbiology
Published in E. Bergogne-Bénézin, M.L. Joly-Guillou, K.J. Towner, Acinetobacter, 2020
Two complementary sets of bacteriophages have been used in several studies (Vieu et al., 1979; Santos Ferreira et al., 1984; Giammanco et al., 1989; Bouvet et al., 1990; Buisson et al., 1990; Joly-Guillou et al., 1990). The first set comprises 25 phages allowing identification of 125 phage types. The second set of 14 phages distinguishes another 25 types, here called subtypes.
The application of bacteriophage to control Cronobacter sakazakii planktonic and biofilm growth in infant formula milk
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Hyung Suk Kim, Md. Ashrafudoulla, Bo-Ram Kim, Md. Furkanur Rahaman Mizan, Soo-Jin Jung, Mohammad Sadekuzzaman, Si Hong Park, Sang-Do Ha
Bacteriophage selection is a vital issue when phages are used as a biocontrol agent because the efficiency of phages is diverse (Sadekuzzaman et al. 2017). In the food industry, a phage solution can be applied to food surfaces by spraying. Generally, the solution is routinely sprayed onto the surfaces or applied with a cloth or sponge so that the targeted surface is carefully covered and protected (Sadekuzzaman et al. 2017). The sensitivity of the tested bacteria to their respective phages was evaluated prior to determining the effectiveness of phages on bacterial growth and biofilms. For this process, the plaque-forming ability of bacteriophages for different strains of bacteria was determined on soft agar by the overlay method. Phages PBES04 and PBES19 were able to create plaques on their own bacterial strains (Table 1).
A plethora of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: no end to a long insidious genetic journey
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2021
Abolfazl Vahhabi, Alka Hasani, Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee, Behzad Baradaran, Akbar Hasani, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Faeze Abbaszadeh, Leila Dehghani
Highly lytic bacteriophages have been considered as alternative option for controlling Acinetobacter associated infections. The acinetobacter phage BS46, which was very active in vitro, was protective in vivo however, in the process of killing replication of phage was also observed.117 Since this study other researches have been carried out to confirm the therapeutic usage of bacteriophages.118–124 Recently, phage Βϕ-R2096 has been used against CRAB infection using Galleria mellonella and mouse as an animal model. The survival rate in a mouse model of acute pneumonia showed excellent elimination of the target bacteria. Similarly, statistically significant improvement in survival rates of larvae was a characteristic feature in the larvae treated with phage.125 Bacteriophage therapy is more tolerable and has been reported to be low resistance. In addition, phages are highly specific to their target microbes, in contrast to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Yet, bacteriophage therapy is not always successful.126 In an Iranian research, and bacteriophages isolated from waste water were shown to decrease the turbidity significantly and thus, indicated that these isolated phages may be considered as candidates for phage therapy.127
Oral antibiotic use and chronic disease: long-term health impact beyond antimicrobial resistance and Clostridioides difficile
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Jessica Queen, Jiajia Zhang, Cynthia L Sears
There is also increased research targeting development of novel approaches to treating infections without the use of antibiotics. One exciting area is the use of bacteriophages to target bacterial infections. Although rigorous studies are required to validate this therapy, published case reports indicate that phage therapy holds promise.54–56 Demonstrations of safety, efficacy, generalizability, and cost-effectiveness are required before phage therapy becomes mainstream. However, it is an appealing approach to infection because of its demonstrated potential for treating extremely drug resistant bacteria (albeit case reports), and because it is a uniquely targeted therapy that theoretically would not broadly alter the host microbiome. Bacteriocins and antimicrobial peptides have also been proposed as potential alternatives to antibiotic therapy.57,58 Antimicrobial peptides have been further refined with the development of specifically targeted antimicrobial peptides (STAMPs), which consist of an antimicrobial peptide fused to a targeting domain.59 One such example is STAMP C16G2, which was shown to selectively kill Streptococcus mutans in a polymicrobial biofilm, suggesting a high-degree of specificity that would preserve the host microbiota.59 Indeed, in a small clinical trial, this constructed peptide selectively removed S. mutans from dental plaque without disrupting the oral microbiota as a whole.60 Further work is needed to validate, test safety and determine the cost-effectiveness of these novel therapeutics for broader clinical use.