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Analysis of Small RNA Species: Phylogenetic Trends
Published in S. K. Dutta, DNA Systematics, 2019
Mirko Beljanski, Liliane Le Goff
La 4.5S RNA (80 to 100 bases) is small RNA that emerges in E. coli from the progenitor of 23S rRNA through fragmentation at the 3′ end.127 This finding is in agreement with previously reported data on the presence of small RNAs in E. coli128 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.129,130 La 4.5S RNA has been shown to be a group of hydrogen RNAs bounded to poly A containing nuclear of cytoplasmic RNA present in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells.131 This RNA from different cells has been sequenced80,132 (Figures 5 and 6). It is less conserved than USn RNAs. La 4.5S RNA (96 residues) terminates with pppGp at its 5′ end and with a short oligo (U) sequence of variable length at its 3′ end. La 4.5S RNA contains some regions of sequence that have been found in other small RNAs, all transcribed by RNA polymerase III.
Recombinant Antibodies
Published in Siegfried Matzku, Rolf A. Stahel, Antibodies in Diagnosis and Therapy, 2019
Melvyn Little, Sergey M. Kipriyanov
The most commonly used method for transforming plant cells employs the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens as an agent for introducing recombinant DNA to the plant cell nucleus. Not all plants, however, are amenable to the manipulations required for the stable introduction of foreign DNA. Tobacco is the most commonly used plant since it is easily transformed and regenerated and was the first plant shown to accumulate assembled mammalian antibodies (Hiatt et al., 1989).
Physiology of Moss-Bacterial Associations
Published in R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla, Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Luretta D. Spiess, Barbara B. Lippincott, James A. Lippincott
While some mosses when cultured with agrobacteria show growth and developmental changes comparable to those obtained with Pylaisiella selwynii, many others do not. Heterophyllium haldaneanum and Entodon sedutrix produced buds and gametophores in response to agrobacteria. Atrichum undulatum, Polytrichum commune, Funaria hygrometrica, Thuidium delicatum, and Climacium americanum, however, showed no overt response to the presence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.93
Modern vaccine strategies for emerging zoonotic viruses
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Atif Ahmed, Muhammad Safdar, Samran Sardar, Sahar Yousaf, Fiza Farooq, Ali Raza, Muhammad Shahid, Kausar Malik, Samia Afzal
The major strategies used to produce plant-based vaccines are nuclear, transplastomic, and viral vector transformation. Nuclear transformation is a very simple and widely used method because the foreign antigen is inserted into the nuclear genome. Agrobacterium tumefaciens or gene gun-mediated transformation is used for gene transfer. The nuclear transformation results in the continuous production of recombinant proteins. Additionally, nuclear transformation also results in the post-translational modification that takes place in eukaryotic systems [93,94]. But it is also coupled with some disadvantages including, lower expression level, gene silencing, position effect, and a chance of contamination. The chloroplast transformation overcomes some of the drawbacks of nuclear transformation, which has hampered commercialization as a plant-based recombinant vaccine. The desired gene (for an antigen) is directly introduced into the genome of the plant chloroplast by using a particle cannon. Most of the currently reported edible vaccines were produced by this method because of the high stability in gene expression. In chloroplasts, many viral antigens like rotavirus and canine parvovirus were expressed. Through overcoat and epic at technologies, several viruses such as cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), alfalfa mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), tomato bushy stunt virus, and potato virus are designed to express the part of antigenic protein on their surface as reviewed in [95].
The potential of plant-made vaccines to fight picornavirus
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Omayra C. Bolaños-Martínez, Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
In 1998, Carrillo et al. reported the expression of the VP1 protein in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The gene was introduced into plants by vacuum infiltration using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens culture; transgenic T1 seeds were germinated and antibiotic-resistant plants analyzed [25]. BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.5 mL of the plant extract emulsified in Incomplete Freund´s Adjuvant (IFA). Serum from immunized animals showed a strong reaction against both a synthetic VP1 peptide (aa 135–160) and intact FMDV particles. Finally, the protective effect was assessed by challenging the immunized mice; observing full protection against i.p. lethal doses of FMDV O1 C. This was the first report showing the protection against this virus by using a plant-made antigen.
Alternative approaches to treat bacterial infections: targeting quorum-sensing
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Pipat Piewngam, Janice Chiou, Priyanka Chatterjee, Michael Otto
AHL-lactonase, a member of the metallo-β-lactamase superfamily, was first described in Bacillus sp. isolate 240B1 [117]. It cleaves the homoserine lactone ring present in AHLs in a reversible manner by hydrolysis, which renders the QS molecule incapable of binding to the target transcriptional regulator and attenuates the effectiveness of the signal molecule. Genes encoding the AHL-lactone-degrading enzyme are widespread in many bacteria, including Bacillus spp., Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhodococcus spp., Streptomyces spp., and Arthrobacter spp [118]. Several studies have shown that AHL lactonases can degrade AHL signals in a series of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, impacting virulence and virulence-associated phenotypes [119–122],