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Biotechnological Studies of Medicinal Plants to Enhance Production of Secondary Metabolites under Environmental Pollution
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Hairy root cultures have emerged as a promising strategy for the in vitro production of various important metabolites. The major advantages of this method over conventional in vitro cultures are higher genetic and biochemical stability, a higher degree of cell differentiation and rapid growth, and higher biosynthetic capacity (Roychowdhury et al. 2017). Furthermore, the accumulation of secondary metabolites usually occurs in aerial parts of plants. Hairy roots are induced by infecting explants/cultures by the gram-negative soil bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Hairy roots have been a highly exploited biotechnological tool for the production of plants’ secondary metabolites. For example, in Raphanus sativus higher concentration of phenolic, flavonoid, and quercetin (Balasubramanian et al. 2018), in Sphagneticola calendulacea higher concentration of phenolic acid, wedelolactone, and flavonoid (Kundu et al. 2018), and in Scopolia lurida higher alkaloid (hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and anisodamine) production (Lan et al. 2018) were achieved using hairy roots. The application of this method in industrial systems is difficult and therefore it cannot be used for the production of secondary metabolites at the commercial level.
Physiology of Moss-Bacterial Associations
Published in R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla, Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Luretta D. Spiess, Barbara B. Lippincott, James A. Lippincott
A release of stable active substances into the medium after bacterial attachment and interaction with the moss does not appear to be involved, since filter-sterilized medium from such cultures does not promote growth and development of a second moss inoculum115 and bacteria plus moss on one side of a parabiotic chamber does not affect the moss growing in the opposite chamber.99 Rhizoid induction on Pylaisiella by Agrobacterium rhizogenes, in contrast, takes place when these bacteria are separated from the moss in parabiotic chambers.85 Similarly, when tested in parabiotic chambers, one of four MAB strains that promoted gametophores was effective in the absence of direct physical contact.79
Engineering the Plant Cell Factory for Artemisinin Production
Published in Tariq Aftab, M. Naeem, M. Masroor, A. Khan, Artemisia annua, 2017
Mauji Ram, Himanshu Misra, Ashish Bharillya, Dharam Chand Jain
The ability to produce high‑artemisinin‑yielding transgenic strains of A. annua L. plants is envisioned; this will ensure a constant high production of artemisinin by overexpressing the key enzymes in the terpene and artemisinin biosynthetic pathways, or by inhibiting enzyme(s) of another pathway competing for artemisinin precursors. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of molecular biology of artemisinin biosynthesis and its regulation (Bouwmeester et al., 1999; Weathers et al., 2006). The genes of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of artemisinin, such as HMGR, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (This chapter: FPPS), ADS, and the genes of the enzymes involved in the pathway competing for artemisinin precursors, such as squalene synthase (SQS), which is involved in sterol biosynthesis, have been cloned from A. annua L. (Matsushita et al., 1996; Mercke et al., 2000; Wallaart et al., 2001; Liu et al., 2003, Abdin et al., 2003). On the other hand, Weathers et al. (1994) and Qin et al. (1994) induced hairy roots in A. annua L. employing Agrobacterium rhizogenes . Further, the factors influencing transformation efficiency of A. rhizogenes were explored to optimize the transformation system by Liu et al. (1998a). Xie et al. (2001) induced hairy root in A. annua L. leaf blade pieces and petiole segments infected with A. rhizogenes strain-1601 and obtained a clone with a high content of artemisinin (1.195 mg/g DW).
Echinacea biotechnology: advances, commercialization and future considerations
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Jessica L. Parsons, Stewart I. Cameron, Cory S. Harris, Myron L. Smith
Hairy root culture utilizes the natural ability of the soil bacterium Rhizobium rhizogenes (formerly Agrobacterium rhizogenes) to infect and transform plant tissue. The bacterial Ri plasmid is transferred into the plant genome causing neoplastic outgrowths, but incorporation of a set of genes, rolA, rolB and rolC, causes roots to grow from the infected site instead of an undifferentiated cell mass (Nilsson and Olsson 1997; Pistelli et al. 2010). Hairy root cultures have several properties that are useful for research and industry, including accelerated growth, spontaneous regeneration of shoots, as well as chemical and morphological similarity to the roots of a wild-type plant (Tepfer 1990; Guillon et al. 2006). Hairy root cultures of all three commercially important Echinacea species produce high levels of secondary metabolites, including polysaccharides, alkylamides, CADs and other phenolics (Trypsteen et al. 1991; Liu et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2006; Romero et al. 2009; Pistelli et al. 2010). Transformed roots are genetically stable, and maintain a constant production of metabolites over a long period of time (Wu et al. 2006). The rapid growth of hairy root cultures on hormone-free media makes them an excellent way to generate biomass quickly, or to clonally propagate plants.