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Closed-Loop Plasmapheresis
Published in James L. MacPherson, Duke O. Kasprisin, Therapeutic Hemapheresis, 2019
Michael J. Lysaght, Walter Samtleben, Baerbel Schmidt, Hans J. Gurland
The plasma is passed through a reactor containing a sorbent media which binds the offending pathogen. Sorbents generally, but not always, comprise immunologically active macromolecules capable of binding a narrow class of plasma proteins or even just a single target molecule. Such reactions are of course highly specific. To date, immunoadsorption is limited to investigational use, often pre-clinical investigation.
Chemistries of Chemical Warfare Agents
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Terry J. Henderson, Ilona Petrikovics, Petr Kikilo, Andrew L. Ternay Jr., Harry Salem
There has been some recent interest in sorbents that can destroy chemical threat agents. For example, a solid state 31P NMR study of the reactivity of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP, a nerve agent simulant) with γ-alumina, Ambergard XE-555, and base-impregnated divinylbenzene found that the phosphorus–fluorine bond of DFP was hydrolyzed on all three sorbent systems at 23°C (Wagner and Bartram, 1999). The use of enzymes to hydrolyze G agents is currently an active area of research (Cheng et al., 1999; Bae et al., 2017).
Solid-Phase Extraction Disks: Second-Generation Technology for Drug Extractions
Published in Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine, Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents have undoubtedly simplified tedious sample preparation processes common to drug analyses. Most sorbents are commercially available as large particle silica-, polymeric-, resin-, or diatomaceous earth-based materials, loosely packed in columns or cartridges. Benefits of these materials over traditional liquid/liquid extraction systems have been proven several times.1
Prevention and Detoxification of Mycotoxins in Human Food and Animal Feed using Bio-resources from South Mediterranean Countries: a Critical Review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Amina Aloui, Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès, Abdellah Zinedine, Amar Riba, Noel Durand, Jean Christophe Meile, Didier Montet, Catherine Brabet, Samir Abbès
Mycotoxin’s deleterious effects could be overcome or, at least, decreased by the addition of clay. This sorbent itself was safe and could be used effectively as a protective agent against mycotoxicosis and can be used as a good candidate in biotechnology for mycotoxin removal. In Morocco, promising results led to the filing of a patent concerning a product based on activated clays (NP1600®) by intercalation of essential oils in their leaves (patent: WO/2014/104868 A1). After incorporation into food, NP1600 allows for reducing contamination by AFs, DON, FB and T2 toxin, with a decrease in the fungal load as well. According to the properties of this patent, this product improves also zootechnical parameters such as the live weight of chicks ingesting OTA and improves their consumption index.
Bioanalytical strategies in drug discovery and development
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Aarzoo Thakur, Zhiyuan Tan, Tsubasa Kameyama, Eman El-Khateeb, Shakti Nagpal, Stephanie Malone, Rohitash Jamwal, Chukwunonso K. Nwabufo
SPE offers the cleanest samples. This technique also offers good recovery and selectivity. The technique uses size exclusion to eliminate larger proteins. Sorbents are used to retain analytes of interest and can include normal-phase, reverse-phase (RP), ion-exchange chromatography, or a combination of these to retain the analytes of interest (Kole et al. 2011). While SPE is also used for small molecules, the selection of sorbent material and size can differ for large molecules. Large molecules may also need additional sample preparation steps before using SPE. Selection of sorbent pore size closest to the analyte of interest is also important in biologics to clean up. Sorbents with a pore size of 50–100 angstrom will be enough to retain most proteins with molecular weights around 10–20 K Da. SPE of biologics offers many benefits including maintaining the solubility of the compound, concentrating the sample to increase the lower limit of quantification (LOQ), and the ability to disrupt protein and peptide binding before loading the sample. C18 sorbents offer retention of most peptides, although issues with fractionation between peptides have been identified, while sorbents, such as C8, CN, and phenyl offer retention for hydrophobic peptides (Ewles and Goodwin 2011). Mixed-mode ion-exchange SPE sorbents are a good choice as they can provide the ability to use RP and pH to ensure sample retention (Ewles and Goodwin 2011).
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for metabolite profiling in the field of drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2019
Javier Saurina, Sonia Sentellas
As a further step, extraction techniques can be applied to recover the desired metabolites without unwanted interferences. Liquid extraction with organic solvents and hydro-organic mixtures has been widely used, in which the affinity of drug metabolites towards the extraction solvents is the basis to obtain high recoveries. Solid phase extraction (SPE) offers great analytical possibilities in metabolite profiling because of its versatility. A great variety of (ad/ab)sorbents are commercially available which can be chosen depending on the characteristics of metabolites and matrices. In this regard, the same kind of mechanisms taking place in the chromatographic separation (see below) can be exploited here for cleanup and preconcentration purposes. As a miniaturized version, solid phase microextraction (SPME), based on the retention and concentration of analytes on absorbent fibers of a wide range of materials, have also been introduced for the treatment of biological samples [28].