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Urban water supply and water treatment
Published in Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem, Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 2018
Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem
Alum-assisted sedimentation can also be used for the removal of fluoride, whose medical side-effects were mentioned in Chapter 2. This is known as the Nalgonda process and requires a much higher alum dose than is usual for conventional water treatment. The exact dose required depends on the hardness of the water and the amount of fluoride to be removed, but is typically 600 mg/l of hydrated alum, or about twenty times the typical dose for ordinary sedimentation. The prior addition of lime or sodium aluminate assists the process and makes a lower alum dose possible. However, the method is expensive and the use of an activated alumina bed, although more complicated, would be cheaper.
Chemical hazards *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Lisa Smeester, Andrew E. Yosim, Rebecca C. Fry
A number of technologies can be used to ensure the selenium content of drinking water is minimized, including membrane filtration, electrodialysis, ion exchange and adsorbents such as activated alumina (Kapoor et al., 1995; WHO, 2011c). Other options include using alternative sources, and blending low-selenium sources with high-selenium sources.
Antibody Radiolabeling with Isotopes of Rhenium
Published in David M. Goldenberg, Cancer Therapy with Radiolabeled Antibodies, 1995
Alumina-based generators may be prepared by applying 188W in 0.01-M HCl to the top of a 10 to 15 mg bed volume of AG-4 activated alumina, 100 to 200 mesh, in a short, fritted glass column and washing the column with normal saline to equilibrate.42 Greater than 99% of the applied 188W is bound by the column, from which the 188Re is eluted with 0.9% sodium chloride, optimally with a 1 to 3 day interval between elutions to allow for sufficient 188Re ingrowth. Testing of small,42,47 intermediate,48 and large,49 clinical scale, alumina-based generators has shown no significant breakthrough of alumina or parent 188W in generator eluates from any size generator. Larger generators have been autoclaved with no adverse effects on performance and then maintained sterile and pyrogen-free.48 Alumina-based generators containing up to 500 mCi have been fabricated and used in pilot clinical studies.49 The 188Re is eluted in a 10 to 20 ml volume, and generators are best stored dry to limit the effects of radiolytic reactions which can produce insoluble Re oxides and lower the perrhenate elution yield. Technology has been developed to concentrate the perrhenate-containing eluate solution further,50 and to measure 188W breakthrough rapidly.51
Sigma receptor ligands haloperidol and ifenprodil attenuate hypoxia induced dopamine release in rat striatum
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Murat Gursoy, Zulfiye Gul, R. Levent Buyukuysal
The spontaneous released dopamine and DOPAC levels in the medium were measured by previously reported HPLC methods [28,29]. Acidified samples, 5 ml of 2 M Tris buffer [pH 8.6, contained 10% (wt/vol) Na2EDTA and 10% (wt/vol) sodium metabisulfite] and activated alumina (50 mg) were transferred into the glass vials, and the pH was adjusted to 8.4–8.6 with 5 M NaOH. Vials were shaken for 10 min and supernatants were aspirated. After washing the supernatants with 10 ml of distilled water, dopamine and DOPAC were eluted from the alumina with 200 µl of 0.4 N HClO4. 50 µl of the eluate was injected into an HPLC system (model PU-980 liquid chromatography pump; Jasco, Japan) coupled with an electrochemical detector (HP1049 EC; Hewlett-Packard, USA) and C18 reversed phase column (Macherey–Nagel GmbH, Duren, Germany) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The mobile phase (pH 4.5) contained 0.15 M NaH2PO4, 0.1 mM Na2EDTA, 1 mM sodium octyl sulfate and 10% (vol/vol) methanol. Dopamine and DOPAC standards were prepared in acidified incubation medium with HClO4 (final concentration, 0.4 N) and processed together with the samples.
Green and eco-friendly adsorption of dyes with organoclay: isothermal, kinetic and thermodynamic studies
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Shahzaib Tariq, Muhammad Saeed, Usman Zahid, Maimoona Munir, Azeem Intisar, Muhammad Asad Riaz, Aqsa Riaz, Muhammad Waqas, Hafiz Muhammad Waqar Abid
During the last few decades, adsorptive removal of dyes has gained considerable research interest in modification that results in increased adsorption capacity. Based on experimental results, about 99% of the dyes can be removed from the solution via the adsorption process (Adeyemo et al. 2017). Adsorption is considered to be one of the most popular techniques for dyes removal owing to its high efficacy, cost efficiency, simple operation, and tolerant of processing conditions (Lee et al. 2006). Commonly used adsorbents are graphene nanoplates (Zhang et al. 2018), mesoporous silica (Huang et al. 2011), magnetic carbon (Wang, Zhang et al. 2018), activated alumina (Wasti and Ali Awan 2016), activated charcoal (Iqbal and Ashiq 2007), mesoporous carbon (Galán et al. 2013), etc. but they exhibit lower adsorption capacity as compared to a clay material.
Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products: global occurrence and potential decontamination strategies
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Khurram Muaz, Muhammad Riaz, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira, Saeed Akhtar, Shinawar Waseem Ali, Habibullah Nadeem, Sungkwon Park, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
Foroughi et al. (2018) analyzed S. cerevisiae that had been immobilized on perlite beads for their AFM1 decontamination capacities in milk samples spiked with 0.08, 0.13, 0.18, and 0.23µg/L AFM1. The milk was passed through the filter composed of perlite beads immobilized with S. cerevisiae for 20, 40 and 80min. Milk with 0.08µg/L AFM1 was completely decontaminated after 40min, while a reduction of 81% was observed in the milk with 0.23µg/L AFM1 after 80min. Another study reported the use of S. cerevisiae immobilized on activated alumina and alumina silicate beads for AFM1 detoxification. The removal of AFM1 was found to have a linear relation with the time of circulation or contact with the beads immobilized with S. cerevisiae. The AFM1 levels in milk spiked with 0.2µg/L AFM1 circulated for 5, 10 and 20min were found to decrease up to 60, 70 and 75% for activated alumina beads and 15, 40 and 60% for alumina silicate beads, respectively, with no residues of Al or Si (Foroughi et al. 2019).