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The Nutrition-Focused History and Physical Examination (NFPE) in Malnutrition
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
The teeth may show thinning of enamel (especially molar or lingual aspect of incisors) in bulimia. Excess tooth caries and missing teeth are seen in eating disorders as well as PCM and scurvy. Excessively white or mottled enamel may be due to excess fluoride. The gums can be spongy, swollen or bleeding due to ascorbic acid deficiency.
Nutritional requirements
Published in Judy More, Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition, 2021
Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel making it more resistant to attack by the acid produced by plaque bacteria. Frequent acid attack overtime causes in tooth decay. The two main sources of fluoride are toothpaste and tap water. Teeth should be cleaned twice a day using a fluoride-containing toothpaste:up to the age of 3 years – a smear of toothpaste containing 1000 ppm of fluoride;3–7 years – a pea-sized amount of toothpaste containing 1000 or 1350–1500 ppm of fluoride;from the age of 7 years – use toothpaste containing 1350–1500 ppm of fluoride.
Ultratrace Minerals
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Because most fluoride intake is derived from water intake, local geographic influences and addition of fluoride to municipal supplies of tap water largely determine fluoride intake. As a result, fluoride deficiencies severe enough to affect dental enamel and bone density appear to be isolated and uncommon. However, fluoride toxicity is an increasing concern.1046 Acute lethal doses of fluoride in man are 32 to 64 mg/kg, an extremely high dose. Nevertheless, accidental acute fluoride poisoning has resulted in at least 45 deaths (43 from an accidental poisoning in a single hospital in the early 1940s).1046 Of more practical concern is chronic fluoride toxicity, manifested as dental and skeletal fluorosis.1046 Dental fluorosis (ranging in severity from white spots on teeth to hypomineralization with staining and pitting of enamel) is increasing in frequency in the U.S. but, overall, is usually mild with no aesthetic changes. Skeletal fluorosis results from chronic ingestion of 10 to 25 mg of fluoride per day for years. Skeletal hypermineralization, soft tissue calcification (especially tendons and ligaments), and exostosis formation are apparent and may progress to crippling.1046 Thus, fluoride exhibits a narrow window of safe and adequate intake. Bone defects are manifested during both deficiency and toxicity of fluoride.
Fluoride exchange by glass-ionomer dental cements and its clinical effects: a review
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2023
John W. Nicholson, Sharanbir K. Sidhu, Beata Czarnecka
The fluoride released by glass-ionomer cements of both types (conventional and resin-modified) is sufficient to have detectable adverse effects on the oral bacteria responsible for dental caries. Several published studies suggest that it is not possible to determine whether this amount of fluoride has any clinical benefit on the demineralization-remineralization balance. However, this is not true. The amounts needed to alter this balance have been determined in in vitro studies, and found to be an order of magnitude less than the amount necessary to damage the oral bacteria. This means that glass-ionomers do release sufficient fluoride to have a positive effect on the remineralization of teeth. In turn, this shows that glass-ionomers are able to play a part in counteracting caries. In practice, though, this may be of only limited clinical benefit, because of the widespread availability of other sources of fluoride, notably drinking water and toothpastes.
Royal jelly arranges apoptotic and oxidative stress pathways and reduces damage to liver tissues of rats by down-regulation of Bcl-2, GSK3 and NF-κB and up-regulation of caspase and Nrf-2 protein signalling pathways
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Abdullah Aslan, Ozlem Gok, Seda Beyaz, Gozde Parlak, Muhammed Ismail Can, Ramazan Gundogdu, Serpil Baspinar, Ibrahim Hanifi Ozercan, Akif Evren Parlak
Fluoride (F) is extensively used in dentistry for the protection of caries. Excessive fluoride intake can reason side effects, particularly in hard tissues (bones and teeth). Fluoride is a very important chemical for dental, bone health and drinking water. The World Health Organization Guidelines stated that a fluoride ratio in drinking water ranging from 0.7 to 1.0 mg/L−1 is appropriate. However, many epidemiological studies have stated that excessive fluoride intake causes adverse effects on human health (WHO 2004). Receiving high doses of fluoride can also cause serious damage to soft tissues such as the liver, heart, kidney and muscle in animals. The liver plays an important role in oxidative detoxification. The most affected proteins in the liver following exposure to fluoride are those related to metabolism and energy regulation. Indeed, the change in energy metabolism was displayed to be directly related to oxidative stress (Silva Pereira et al. 2018). Animal studies have shown that low levels of fluoride exposure can affect liver protein expression and increase fat deposits in the liver. High fluoride exposure can cause cellular necrosis, oxidative stress to hypertrophic liver tissue and increased oxidative damage (Malin et al. 2019).
Virgin coconut oil complements with its polyphenol components mitigate sodium fluoride toxicity in vitro and in vivo
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Soorya Parathodi Illam, Sruthi Panniyan Kandiyil, Arunaksharan Narayanankutty, Soumya Valappan Veetil, Thekkekara Devassy Babu, Rao M. Uppu, Achuthan C. Raghavamenon
The human body is exposed to several chemicals which induce oxidative stress conditions. Sodium fluoride (NaF) is one of such environmental pollutants widely found in drinking water. It promotes oxidative stress and thereby interrupts tissue homeostasis in organs, including the kidney and liver. Recent studies have demonstrated that fluoride intoxication for an extended period may cause oxidative injury, widely known as ‘fluorosis.’ Fluorine present in drinking water is totally in ionic form, and hence it is rapidly and passively absorbed through the intestinal mucosa and interferes with major metabolic pathways. Adults' average daily fluorine intake from food and water is reported to be 1 mg if they are in a community with a low amount (<0.7 ppm) of fluoride in the water and about 2.7 mg; if the water is fluoridated (Guo et al. 2017). Reports from various laboratories have established a close correlation between oxidative stress in animals and fluoride intoxication (Bhatnagar et al. 2002, Mesram et al. 2017). Studies have also shown that fluoride induces excessive oxygen free radicals, depleting antioxidants and overwhelming the antioxidant defense (Hassan and Yousef 2009). Hence, fluoride-induced oxidative stress is used as a model system in preclinical studies to analyze the antioxidant properties of compounds.