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Ultratrace Minerals
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Because most fluoride intake is derived from water intake, local geographic influences and addition of fluoride to municipal supplies of tap water largely determine fluoride intake. As a result, fluoride deficiencies severe enough to affect dental enamel and bone density appear to be isolated and uncommon. However, fluoride toxicity is an increasing concern.1046 Acute lethal doses of fluoride in man are 32 to 64 mg/kg, an extremely high dose. Nevertheless, accidental acute fluoride poisoning has resulted in at least 45 deaths (43 from an accidental poisoning in a single hospital in the early 1940s).1046 Of more practical concern is chronic fluoride toxicity, manifested as dental and skeletal fluorosis.1046 Dental fluorosis (ranging in severity from white spots on teeth to hypomineralization with staining and pitting of enamel) is increasing in frequency in the U.S. but, overall, is usually mild with no aesthetic changes. Skeletal fluorosis results from chronic ingestion of 10 to 25 mg of fluoride per day for years. Skeletal hypermineralization, soft tissue calcification (especially tendons and ligaments), and exostosis formation are apparent and may progress to crippling.1046 Thus, fluoride exhibits a narrow window of safe and adequate intake. Bone defects are manifested during both deficiency and toxicity of fluoride.
Basic Prevention for the Individual
Published in Lars Granath, William D. McHugh, Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory and Practice, 2019
Lars Granath, William D. McHugh
It is obvious that an endogenous cariostatic effect of fluoride cannot be ignored. Since chewing fluoride tablets has also been shown to have a topical effect, there should be no hesitation in recommending parents to give their children fluoride tablets during the entire period of tooth formation when the drinking water does not contain adequate levels of fluoride. The topical effect obtained before the age of 4 years is of particular interest, because pre-school children should not use fluoride toothpaste containing 0.1% F or more until they are capable of spitting out the toothpaste in order to avoid uncontrolled ingestion and the possible risk of dental fluorosis.16 An interesting side effect of systemic distribution of fluoride tablets could be a topical effect exerted by the saliva, where the concentration of fluoride is strongly correlated to that of plasma.14 A practical problem is that many parents are difficult to motivate to dispense regular fluoride supplements. Widenheim56 found a poor compliance in a Swedish population after information on the benefits was given at Child Health Centers and especially poor compliance among families with higher parental education.
Dental Fluorosis
Published in Colin Robinson, Jennifer Kirkham, Roger Shore, Dental Enamel, 2017
Pamela K. DenBesten, Nina J. Giambro
Dental fluorosis is an alteration in the tooth structure caused by excessive fluoride ingestion during tooth formation. Fluoride-induced changes in enamel were first described by Black and McKay1 as mottled enamel. They demonstrated the endemic nature of the enamel lesions and suggested that the cause of mottled enamel was related to trace elements. In 1931 several independent laboratories compared the amount of trace elements in water from areas with high levels of enamel mottling and determined that the water had a relatively high concentration of fluoride.2-4 The conclusion reached in each of these independent investigations was that fluoride was the etiologic factor of mottled enamel. Following these studies, Dean5 developed an index of fluorosis and used it to relate the severity of fluorosis to the level of fluoride exposure.
Saliva microbiome alterations in dental fluorosis population
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Shanshan Liu, Qiangsheng Song, Chenchen Zhang, Mengwan Li, Zhenzhen Li, Yudong Liu, Li Xu, Xiaofei Xie, Lili Zhao, Rongxiu Zhang, Qinglong Wang, Guojin Zeng, Yifan Zhang, Kai Zhang
There are some limitations to this study. For one, only college students were recruited, potentially limiting the accuracy and generalizability of the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Thus, the sample size was expanded from 178 to 957 to decrease the experimental error. Additional long-term cohort studies will be essential to explore the potential mechanisms and disease incidence rates in patients with dental fluorosis to more fully understand the pathogenic functions of the oral microbiota and the dysbiosis. A negative relationship between dental fluorosis incidence and the abundance of cariogenic bacteria was observed. Certain opportunistic pathogens associated with lung infections were also observed at high abundance levels in patients with dental fluorosis. Additional studies of disease-related changes in patients with dental fluorosis are warranted to more fully understand the relationship between this condition and other pathogenic outcomes.
Extended caries prevention programme with biannual application of fluoride varnish for toddlers: prevalence of dental fluorosis at ages 7–9 years and associated factors
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2023
Thalia Fatma Kassem, Zhina Fadhil, Maria Anderson
To minimize the negative side effects of fluorides while maximizing their caries preventive effects, the level of fluoride intake needs to be balanced [5]. The McDonagh et al.’s [6] review of 88 studies on dental fluorosis estimated a 48% prevalence of dental fluorosis and 12.5% prevalence for fluorosis comprising an aesthetic concern at fluoride water concentration of 1 ppm. Conway et al. estimated that 49% of the children in a non-fluoridated area in Sweden had dental fluorosis in 2005. Only 4% was considered to be of aesthetic concern. The majority of parents in the study (63%) had been brushing the teeth of their children since age 6–12 months, and nearly all parents (92%) reported doing so with a fluoride toothpaste (≥1000 ppm) [7]. Tavener et al. [8] found that early introduction of fluoride into low-income communities with a high caries risk was shown to have a low risk of inducing dental fluorosis of aesthetic concern.
Multi-parametric groundwater quality and human health risk assessment vis-à-vis hydrogeochemical process in an Agri-intensive region of Indus basin, Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Vijay Jaswal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Mittal, Ajay Kumar, Sunil Kumar Sahoo, Yogalakshmi Kadapakkam Nandabalan
The chronic daily intake (CDI) for adults in the current study area was observed to range from 0.02–0.24 mg/kg-bodyweight/day (Supplementary Figure S2). The maximum value of CDI (0.24 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) was recorded in Khairpur followed by Wahabwala (0.19 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) and Ghallu (0.16 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) village of Fazilka district. Similarly, the CDI for children was calculated in the range from 0.02–0.45 mg/kg-bodyweight/day. The CDI for children (0.45 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) also followed similar trend as that of adults with highest CDI at Khairpur followed by Wahabwala (0.35 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) and Ghallu (0.31 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) village of Fazilka district. Due to small body size, children accumulate more contaminants as compared to adults. Henceforth, children are more susceptible to risk as compared to adults. Moreover the exceeding fluoride in 83 − 93% groundwater samples can be correlated to dental fluorosis in children.