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Pyrithione Zinc
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
In a group of 119 patients with allergic contact dermatitis from cosmetics, investigated in The Netherlands in 1986-1987, one case was caused by zinc pyrithione in a shampoo (17,18). Two cases (11) and one case each (5,10,12,13) of allergic reactions from zinc pyrithione in shampoos have been reported. One patient had worsening of scalp psoriasis and eyelid dermatitis from contact allergy to zinc pyrithione and cocamide DEA in an anti-dandruff shampoo (2). Another patient developed allergic contact dermatitis from zinc pyrithione in shampoo, which led to worsening of existing psoriasis (Köbner-phenomenon) and development of pustular psoriasis (3). A similar case had been reported previously (9). Two patients had allergic contact dermatitis from zinc pyrithione, one by its presence in a hair cream, the other from the same hair cream and from an antidandruff lotion (6). In another patient, contact allergic sensitivity to zinc pyrithione in a shampoo was followed by the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome (7). One patient reacted to zinc pyrithione in a hair cream and a shampoo (8). One patient was allergic to zinc pyrithione, of whom details are unknown (1).
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies by Cutaneous Administration
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Rochelle W. Tyl, Raymond G. York, James L. Schardein
Several antibacterial, antifungal agents in shampoos and other commercial products have been examined for toxicity in animals following dermal administration; only one has been developmentally toxic under the experimental conditions utilized. Dipyrithione (omadine disulfide) caused maternal, but not developmental, toxicity in rats and rabbits at doses of 30 and 5 mg/kg/d, respectively, when applied during organogenesis.57 In the pig, however, dipyrithione induced tail defects when applied dermally on days 8 to 32 of gestation at doses in the range of 10 to 300 mg/kg.58 Sodium pyrithione (sodium omadine) elicited maternal toxicity without developmental toxicity in the rat at a dermal dose of 7 mg/kg applied on gestation days 6 to 15.59 Studies with zinc pyrithione in three species did not produce either maternal or developmental toxicity. No adverse effects have been reported in rats when 30 mg/kg was applied during organogenesis,60 or in rabbits at doses as high as 2.5 g/kg/d.61 In contrast to the results in the pig from dipyrithione, zinc pyrithione did not induce malformations or developmental toxicity at dermal doses as great as 400 mg/kg/d on gestation days 8 to 32.62
Topical Corticosteroids
Published in John Y. M. Koo, Ethan C. Levin, Argentina Leon, Jashin J. Wu, Mark G. Lebwohl, Mild to Moderate Psoriasis, 2014
Laura F. Sandoval, Steven R. Feldman
Skin Cap, an over-the-counter spray marketed as a psoriasis treatment, was introduced in North America in 1995 [22]. It was marketed as having zinc pyrithione as its active ingredient. Skin Cap quickly became a popular treatment option; patients, as well as dermatologists, enjoyed the remarkable efficacy the product offered to even the most therapeutically challenging psoriatic patient. The formulation provided for easy and nonmessy application, and no adverse effects were expected for a zinc pyrithione spray. It was so effective that it was suggested that psoriasis patients no longer needed corticosteroid injections, methotrexate, or psoralen + ultraviolet A (PUVA) treatment [23]. “It’s a miracle,” said some patients. Resistant scalp psoriasis cleared in as little as four days [23].
Hidradenitis suppurativa for the nondermatology clinician
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Kavina Patel, Lucy Liu, Benjamin Ahn, Annika S. Silfvast-Kaiser, So Yeon Paek
Topical treatments for HS include skin cleansers, keratolytic agents, and antibiotics.10 There is evidence to support their use in Hurley stage I and mild stage II HS, as monotherapy, or in conjunction with other treatments.11–18 Benzoyl peroxide, chlorhexidine, and zinc pyrithione may be used in conjunction with other HS treatments. While all are lacking in formal evidence, these compounds are recommended by anecdotal evidence and expert opinion. Topical cleanser selection should be made with patient and clinician preference in mind and may be driven by cost and availability.13 Chlorhexidine should only be used on actively draining areas. Side effects of zinc pyrithione include skin irritation. Side effects of benzoyl peroxide and chlorhexidine include itching or burning, stinging or redness, swelling, peeling, and dryness. In the North American guidelines, zinc pyrithione and benzoyl peroxide are formally recommended, while chlorhexidine is presented as expert opinion.
A revisit to the effects of zinc salt on skin burn wound healing to reflect the risks in current pharmaceutical care
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2020
Mohammad Ammar Hakim Osman, Tin Wui Wong, Nor Khaizan Anuar
Lansdown reported that a soluble zinc content as low as 404 μg/cm2 of skin would induce skin irritation (4). In the present study, the use of 0.1 ml 0.01% (w/w) zinc chloride solution was translated to the application of 10.5 μg soluble zinc/cm2 of skin. A reduction of applied soluble zinc content by approximately 38 times was not able to reduce the irritant effects. With reference to Calamine lotion formulated with 3% (w/w) zinc oxide, 2256 μg zinc will be made available onto 1 cm2 of skin, assuming that 1 g of cream spreads up to 100 cm2 of skin (10). A minute fraction of zinc oxide was envisaged to dissolve in the biological milieu to provide soluble zinc that irritated the skin. Indeed, Calamine-related products have been reported to exert allergic contact dermatitis (11). The Olay complete defense moisturizing lotion, formulated with zinc oxide, likewise had been recently reported to cause itching (12). Other zinc-containing products, such as medicated shampoo of zinc pyrithione and Zineryt® topical solution of zinc acetate/erythromycin, had also induced pruritic rash, stinging face and itchy skin (13,14). Zinc oxide could possibly hydrolyze under acidic moisture of skin to release soluble zinc. Similar reactions could have taken place when zinc acetate and zinc pyrithione were concerned. The zinc oxide is available as rod, sphere, flake, needle, star-like and others, and in a variety of sizes (0.02–200 μm) (15,16). Though it is considered as a relatively safe metal oxide, the toxicity of zinc oxide at lower size scales and its soluble fraction is still warranted to be examined (17).
Review: ecotoxicity of organic and organo-metallic antifouling co-biocides and implications for environmental hazard and risk assessments in aquatic ecosystems
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Samantha Eslava Martins, Gilberto Fillmann, Adam Lillicrap, Kevin V. Thomas
The pyrithione salts, such as zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and copper pyrithione (CuPT), were introduced on the market in the 1990s. Due to broad antimicrobial activity, low water solubility and high degradability, they have been used in marine antifouling paints as replacements for tributyltin (TBT) (Mochida et al. 2006). It has been reported that pyrithiones disrupt the proton motive force in target organisms (KEMI 2014). Pyrithiones act by catalysing the electroneutral exchange of H+ and other ions with K+ across cell membranes, resulting in a collapse of ion gradients important to cell function. This process may inhibit membrane transport of nutrients and lead organisms to starvation and eventual death (KEMI 2014) (Table S4).