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Pyrithione Zinc
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Pyrithione zinc is a coordination complex of the zinc ion and pyrithione, a derivative of the naturally occurring antibiotic aspergillic acid with antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-seborrheic actions. This agent is indicated for the treatment of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis and is present in many over-the-counter products including shampoos.
Preservatives and Preservation
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Specific, purpose-added ingredients inadequate as preservatives are known to facilitate effective preservation. The chelator EDTA is very effective as preservative adjunct. Although it does not possess stand-alone efficacy, EDTA adds significantly to the efficacy of preservative systems and can be found in many cosmetic products. In this context, it is presumed not only to sequester divalent cations necessary for microbial stability and metabolism, but also to destabilize bacterial capsules and biofilm, allowing better access of the preservative to the biological active (17,109,110). Other chelators such as phytic acid (hinokitol) and gluconolactone presumably offer similar effect (111,112) though the literature offers no compelling data regarding impact on efficacy. Similarly, the efficacy of pyrithione antimicrobials is at least in part associated with divalent cation sequestration (113). In addition to chelators, ingredient such as anisic and levulinic acids, ethyl hexyl glycerine, essential oils, and low levels of ethanol are used as preservative adjuncts (76,114,115,116). General formulation elements contributing to mitigated microbiological risks are also detailed in the relevant ISO guideline (117).
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies by Cutaneous Administration
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Rochelle W. Tyl, Raymond G. York, James L. Schardein
Several antibacterial, antifungal agents in shampoos and other commercial products have been examined for toxicity in animals following dermal administration; only one has been developmentally toxic under the experimental conditions utilized. Dipyrithione (omadine disulfide) caused maternal, but not developmental, toxicity in rats and rabbits at doses of 30 and 5 mg/kg/d, respectively, when applied during organogenesis.57 In the pig, however, dipyrithione induced tail defects when applied dermally on days 8 to 32 of gestation at doses in the range of 10 to 300 mg/kg.58 Sodium pyrithione (sodium omadine) elicited maternal toxicity without developmental toxicity in the rat at a dermal dose of 7 mg/kg applied on gestation days 6 to 15.59 Studies with zinc pyrithione in three species did not produce either maternal or developmental toxicity. No adverse effects have been reported in rats when 30 mg/kg was applied during organogenesis,60 or in rabbits at doses as high as 2.5 g/kg/d.61 In contrast to the results in the pig from dipyrithione, zinc pyrithione did not induce malformations or developmental toxicity at dermal doses as great as 400 mg/kg/d on gestation days 8 to 32.62
Zinc pyrithione is a potent inhibitor of PLPro and cathepsin L enzymes with ex vivo inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Jerneja Kladnik, Ana Dolinar, Jakob Kljun, David Perea, Judith Grau-Expósito, Meritxell Genescà, Marko Novinec, Maria J. Buzon, Iztok Turel
Pyrithione a is a known ionophore with the ability to bind zinc ions, increase their intracellular concentration64 and as such has recognised antiviral activity against coronavirus (SARS-CoV), arterivirus, coxsackievirus, mengovirus, picornavirus, and rhinovirus65. A decade ago, te Velthuis et al. demonstrated that the combination of Zn2+ ions and pyrithione a effectively inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV via Zn2+ suppression of RdRp25. In addition, zinc pyrithione 1a is an established antimicrobial agent used in commercial shampoos for dandruff33 treatment and exerts antifungal activity by damaging iron-sulphur clusters32–34. Recently, Maio et al. have suggested that Fe–S clusters act as cofactors of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp enzyme and therefore represent another potential target to combat COVID-1935. Therefore, pyrithione a and its zinc complex 1a have attracted much attention to combat SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic because of the aforementioned antimicrobial effects. However, no systematic study on zinc-pyrithione complexes was reported so far.
Hidradenitis suppurativa for the nondermatology clinician
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Kavina Patel, Lucy Liu, Benjamin Ahn, Annika S. Silfvast-Kaiser, So Yeon Paek
Topical treatments for HS include skin cleansers, keratolytic agents, and antibiotics.10 There is evidence to support their use in Hurley stage I and mild stage II HS, as monotherapy, or in conjunction with other treatments.11–18 Benzoyl peroxide, chlorhexidine, and zinc pyrithione may be used in conjunction with other HS treatments. While all are lacking in formal evidence, these compounds are recommended by anecdotal evidence and expert opinion. Topical cleanser selection should be made with patient and clinician preference in mind and may be driven by cost and availability.13 Chlorhexidine should only be used on actively draining areas. Side effects of zinc pyrithione include skin irritation. Side effects of benzoyl peroxide and chlorhexidine include itching or burning, stinging or redness, swelling, peeling, and dryness. In the North American guidelines, zinc pyrithione and benzoyl peroxide are formally recommended, while chlorhexidine is presented as expert opinion.
A revisit to the effects of zinc salt on skin burn wound healing to reflect the risks in current pharmaceutical care
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2020
Mohammad Ammar Hakim Osman, Tin Wui Wong, Nor Khaizan Anuar
Lansdown reported that a soluble zinc content as low as 404 μg/cm2 of skin would induce skin irritation (4). In the present study, the use of 0.1 ml 0.01% (w/w) zinc chloride solution was translated to the application of 10.5 μg soluble zinc/cm2 of skin. A reduction of applied soluble zinc content by approximately 38 times was not able to reduce the irritant effects. With reference to Calamine lotion formulated with 3% (w/w) zinc oxide, 2256 μg zinc will be made available onto 1 cm2 of skin, assuming that 1 g of cream spreads up to 100 cm2 of skin (10). A minute fraction of zinc oxide was envisaged to dissolve in the biological milieu to provide soluble zinc that irritated the skin. Indeed, Calamine-related products have been reported to exert allergic contact dermatitis (11). The Olay complete defense moisturizing lotion, formulated with zinc oxide, likewise had been recently reported to cause itching (12). Other zinc-containing products, such as medicated shampoo of zinc pyrithione and Zineryt® topical solution of zinc acetate/erythromycin, had also induced pruritic rash, stinging face and itchy skin (13,14). Zinc oxide could possibly hydrolyze under acidic moisture of skin to release soluble zinc. Similar reactions could have taken place when zinc acetate and zinc pyrithione were concerned. The zinc oxide is available as rod, sphere, flake, needle, star-like and others, and in a variety of sizes (0.02–200 μm) (15,16). Though it is considered as a relatively safe metal oxide, the toxicity of zinc oxide at lower size scales and its soluble fraction is still warranted to be examined (17).