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Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Eczema is a condition that causes skin to become dry, itchy, red, swollen, cracked, and rough. “Eczema” is derived from a Greek word meaning “to boil over,” which is an apt description for the inflamed, red, itchy patches that occur during flare-ups. Red rashes on the scalp, forehead, face, inside the elbows, behind the knees, and on the hands and feet are common. For babies, the condition appears most often on the face and scalp. A history of eczema increases the risk of fungal, viral, and bacterial infections due to an impaired protective skin barrier. Eczema is common in childhood but can occur at any age. Atopic dermatitis is long-lasting, tends to flare periodically, and can persist into adulthood. The goals of treatment are to clear the skin, reduce itching, prevent flares-ups, and repair and maintain the skin barrier.
Medicinal Plants for Eczema
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
The most prevalent concern associated with eczema is that the condition can occur at any stage in one’s life (Akdis et al., 2006). Though this condition is non-contagious, it is often hereditary and worsens over time (Palmer et al., 2006). The exact cause of eczema has not been fully identified; therefore, different hypotheses have been developed. The first hypothesis states that the condition could be caused by an immunological defect, which allows patients to become sensitive to immunoglobulin E (IgE). This hypothesis is regarded as the inside-out hypothesis (Brandt and Sivaprasad, 2011).
Chronic erythematous rash and lesions on trunk and limbs
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
The physical signs of eczema are the result of inflammation of the skin. In the acute phase, vesicles and exudate are seen in the epidermis (spongiosis – see p. 138). Once the acute phase has settled, any exudate dries causing crusting and erosions. We call this subacute eczema. Intense itching results in excoriations and erosions. These physical signs can also occur in any very itchy rash (generalised pruritis, dermatitis herpetiformis), when there is breakdown of the epidermis (acantholysis – Darier's disease, Grover's disease, pemphigus), or with non-specific inflammation of the epidermis (scabies or an eczematous drug rash). In all these conditions blisters are unlikely to be seen. Intact blisters will be seen if the blistering occurs at the dermo-epidermal junction (pemphigoid) or is intraepidermal on the palms and soles where the stratum corneum is thickened (pompholyx eczema).
Dermatology for the internist: optimal diagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Shanthi Narla, Jonathan I. Silverberg
While food allergies are common in AD patients, the role of food allergens as exacerbating or triggering factors in AD is controversial. In 1978, Atherton et al. showed for the first time in a 12-week, double-blind, controlled crossover trial that elimination of cow’s milk and hen’s eggs lead to improvement in eczema in 14 of 20 children with AD [74]. According to guidelines established by the International Collaboration in Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, children with a history of an immediate reaction to a single food, or refractory moderate-to-severe AD with food being investigated as a potential trigger should be considered for a food allergy work-up. This highlights the potential role of food allergens as eczema triggers in moderate-severe AD and increased food allergy risk in AD patients [75]. Elimination should be guided by appropriate testing, establishing clinical relevance, and should result in significant clearing. Before starting dietary modifications, careful evaluation should be performed by an allergist to confirm causality between foods and AD exacerbations, as unnecessary dietary modifications may lead to nutritional deficiencies [76].
Exercise-induced bronchospasm and its associated factors among secondary school students in an urban community
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2020
A. O. Odeyemi, A. O. Odeyemi, O. V. Kayode, S. B. A. Oseni, O. A. Oyedeji
Questionnaires were administered to the participants using interviewer method. The demographic data, symptoms of allergies, history of wheeze, exposures to indoor air pollution (biomass fuel and cigarette smoke) were obtained. The socio-economic classification was done as described by Ogunlesi et al [12]. Features of vernal (allergic) conjunctivitis sought for were recurrent eye itching, brownish discoloration and/or watery discharge [13]. Features of allergic rhinitis were excessive sneezing, recurrent sniffing, recurrent runny nose and itchy throat in the absence of cold [14]. Eczema was defined as recurrent itchy, scaly, dry skin. Their anthropometric measurements i.e. weight, height were recorded, using a weighing scale with an inbuilt height meter (Bright future Medical- England, model RGZ-160) after ensuring that they were minimally dressed. The Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using Weight (kg) divide by Height (meter)2. The BMI percentile was interpreted as <5 percentile being underweight, ≥ 5 and <85 percentile as normal weight, ≥ 85 and < 95 percentile as overweight and ≥ 95 percentile as obesity. The clinical findings including features of allergies were documented. The pre- and post-exercise respiratory rate and heart rate were also recorded.
Assessment of adherence to eczema treatment in Hong Kong children
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2019
N. S. Cheng, J. P. C. Chau, K. L. E. Hon, K. C. Choi, J. S. C. Kung, W. G. Ng, T. F. Leung
Eczema is a common chronic relapsing disease with complex etiologies involving multiple genetic and immune mechanisms as well as environmental factors (1). Children with eczema may suffer from physical and emotional disturbances due to itchy skin and poor quality sleep, while their parents may experience guilt and feelings of helplessness due to their children’s skin condition (2). In the United States, 10.7% of children below 18 years have been reported to have a diagnosis of eczema (3). In UK, the prevalence of eczema increased to 13.6 per 1000 persons in 2005 (4). Eczema has been reported to affect 12.9% of children aged 1–7 years in China (5). In Hong Kong (HK), it is the most common childhood skin problem, affecting 5.6% of young children, 3.8% of primary school children, and 3.8% of adolescents (6).