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Osteoarthritis
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Wogonin is a unique aglycone flavone that may offer protection from OA. The flavone is primarily found in Chinese herbal teas. Unlike other flavonoids that originate from the flower parts of a plant, wogonin originates from the root of the herb Scutellaria baicalensis (Zhao et al., 2016). In vitro studies show that the flavone exerts direct anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects through suppressing the expression and production of inflammatory mediators including IL-6, COX-2, PGE2, iNOS, and NO in IL-1β-stimulated OA chondrocytes (Khan et al., 2017). Wogonin also exhibited chondroprotective potential through inhibiting the expression, production, and activities of matrix-degrading proteases including MMP-13, MMP-3, MMP-9, and ADAMTS-4 in OA chondrocytes (Khan et al., 2017).
Flavonoids with Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Wogonin is an O-methylated flavone found in skullcap and Oroxylum indicum. Wogonoside is the glycoside form of the flavone. Both wogonin and wogonoside were found to decrease immobility of mice in the forced swim and tail suspension tests.86 Wogonin has also been found to be a relatively potent inhibitor of MAO-A and MAO-B, with respective IC50s of 6.35 and 20.8 μM.87
Phytotherapeutic Agents in Epilepsy
Published in Vikas Kumar, Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu, Herbs for Diabetes and Neurological Disease Management, 2018
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Skullcaps) (Fam. Lamiaceae) is one of the most important medicinal herbs in traditional Korean medicine. Flavonoids from S. baicalensis have been shown to demonstrate pharmacologically and clinically important profiles; including anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, myorelaxant, and sedative effects, because these have high affinity for the BZD binding site of GABAA receptors. The total extract from S. baicalensis partially blocks suppression of locomotion as well as behavioural changes induced by electroshock stress.30 Wogonin is an O-methylated flavone found in S. baicalensis which is chemically, 5,7-Dihydroxy-8-methoxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one. Oroxindin is a wogonin glucuronide isolated from Oroxylum indicum which is one of the active ingredients of Sho-Saiko-To, a Japanese herbal supplement. Studies have shown that wogonin possesses anxiolytic and anti-tumor properties. Wogonin inhibits inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human lung epithelial cancer cells.31 Wogonin has been found to possess anticonvulsant effects.30 It has been shown to act as positive allosteric modulator of the BZD site of the GABAA receptor. Wogonin has the highest affinity (Ki = 0.92 μM) for the GABAA BZD receptor system amongst the four flavonoids extracted from S. baicalensis, that is, baicalein, scutellarein, wogonin, and baicalin.32 Moreover, wogonin has an added advantage that it does not cause sedative and myorelaxant effects seen with traditional antiepileptics.
A comprehensive review on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and flavonoid biosynthesis of Scutellaria baicalensis
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Zi-Long Wang, Shuang Wang, Yi Kuang, Zhi-Min Hu, Xue Qiao, Min Ye
Scutellaria baicalensis contains at least 126 small molecules and 6 polysaccharides. It possesses anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and neuroprotective activities. Chemical compounds responsible for many of these activities are still unknown, though the bioactivities of a few major compounds (baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, and wogonin) have been extensively studied. Recently, our group reported the comprehensive correlations of chemicals and bioactivities of another popular herbal medicine Gan-Cao (licorice, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch), and discovered a number of promising bioactive natural products (Ji et al. 2016). Similar research strategy could be applied to Huang-Qin to discover potential new drugs. In fact, the clinical trial of wogonin as an anti-cancer drug candidate has recently been approved by the State Drug Administration of China. On the other hand, the identified major bioactive compounds could be used as chemical markers to improve quality control of Huang-Qin crude drugs and related patent drugs. Furthermore, biosynthetic studies could help large-scale production of the bioactive compounds by metabolic engineering. Although enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of free flavones have been reported for S. baicalensis, many post-modification enzymes have yet to be characterized, including those responsible for the hydroxylation, methylation, and glycosylation reactions.
Wogonin glucuronidation in liver and intestinal microsomes of humans, monkeys, dogs, rats, and mice
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Nobumitsu Hanioka, Takashi Isobe, Toshiko Tanaka-Kagawa, Susumu Ohkawara
Wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone, Figure 1) is one of the major bioactive flavonoid aglycones isolated from Scutellaria radix of the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. It has been widely used in Japan, China, and several Asian countries as a popular and multi-purpose herb for the treatment of inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases as well as respiratory and gastrointestinal infections (Lee et al., 2015; Li et al., 2011a; Li-Weber, 2009; Tai et al., 2006). Wogonin has also been shown to exert anticancer, antioxidant, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects (Gao et al., 2011; Hui et al., 2002; Lin et al., 2011; Park et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2016).
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of β-caryophyllene alcohol in rats and beagle dogs
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Jiake He, Sufeng Zhou, Xiaonan Li, Chunfeng Wang, Yang Yu, Xijing Chen, Yang Lu
β-Caryophyllene alcohol (purity > 98.0%) and its PEG formulation were kindly offered by the Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University (Nanjing, China). Wogonin (purity >99.5%, used as the internal standard) was kindly provided by the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University (Nanjing, China). β-Glucuronidase was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Five percent glucose for injection was purchased from Sichuan Kelun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China) HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Tedia (Fairfield, OH). Formic acid and sodium acetate were of analytical grade.