China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Andrographis paniculata (Creat or Green Chiretta) and Bacopa monnieri (Water Hyssop)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Pankaj Mundada, Swati Gurme, Suchita Jadhav, Devashree Patil, Nitin Gore, Sumaiya Shaikh, Abhinav Mali, Suraj Umdale, Mahendra Ahire
In one study, Bacopa monnieri extract in a dose range of 20–40 mg/kg was given once daily for 5 days, and it was found comparable to the standard antidepressant drug imipramine in rodents. The same study suggested the role of serotonin and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) as the mechanism of action attributed for its antidepressant action along with its anxiolytic potential, based on the compelling evidence that the symptoms of anxiety and depression overlap each other (Shader and Greenblatt, 1995). Research using a rat model of clinical anxiety demonstrated that a B. monnieri extract containing 25% bacoside A exerted anxiolytic activity comparable to lorazepam, a common benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug, and it was noted that the B. monnieri extract did not induce amnesia (a side effect associated with lorazepam) but instead had a memory enhancing effect (Bhattacharya and Ghoshal, 1998). The antidepressant potential of B. monnieri has been evaluated in an earlier study, wherein it showed a significant antidepressant activity in the most commonly used behavior paradigms in animal models of depression, namely, forced swim test and learned helplessness tests (Sairam et al., 2002).
Benzodiazepines as anxiolytics
Published in Adam Doble, Ian L Martin, David Nutt, Calming the Brain: Benzodiazepines and related drugs from laboratory to clinic, 2020
Adam Doble, Ian L Martin, David Nutt
In the treatment of sleep disorders with hypnotic benzodiazepines, it is desirable to achieve rapidly a high level of receptor occupation, which will then decrease during the night. In contrast to the treatment of anxiety disorders, it is important to achieve constant levels of receptor occupation to maintain anxiolysis throughout the day. The onset of action of the drug is not an issue in this indication, indeed, transient peaks of high receptor occupation should be avoided in order to limit excess sedation. For these reasons, the individual benzodiazepines used in the treatment of anxiety disorders have grown to be different from those used as hypnotics. For anxiety, compounds with longer elimination half-lives are preferred, whereas for sleep induction, short half-life drugs are favoured (see Chapter 8). The principal benzodiazepines used as anxiolytics include diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, lorazepam, alprazolam and oxazepam.
Antianxiety Drugs
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is the main neurotransmitter that is known to regulate the anxiety-related behavior and the potentiation of GABAergic neurotransmission in the brain mediated anxiolytic effect (Mohler, 2011). However, the GABAergic modulators often imposed the risk of abuse tolerance and potentially fatal withdrawal symptoms (Roy-Byrne et al., 1993).
Pharmacological Treatment of Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Current Practice and Future Directions
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Harry A. Fagan, David S. Baldwin
The description of the GABAergic system and its receptors (GABAA and GABAB) stimulated the desire to develop a non-sedating GABAergic anxiolytics, described as a ‘Holy Grail’ of psychopharmacology [97,98]. The GABAA receptor structure is notably complex, as the receptor has a pentameric structure assembled from 19 possible subunits (α1–6, β1–3, γ1–3, δ, ε, θ, π, and ρ1–3) [98]. Different GABAA receptor subtypes are expressed selectively throughout the mammalian brain and appear to have different functions [98]. The α subunit present in the GABAA receptor has been found to be of particular importance, with GABAA receptor subtypes containing α1 subunit mediating sedative effects of BZDs while those containing α2/3 subunits mediating anxiolytic effects [98].
Early outcomes, associated factors and predictive values of clinical outcomes of tandospirone in generalized anxiety disorder: a post-hoc analysis of a randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2023
Yi Fu, Jian Lin Ji, Shen Xun Shi, Hai Yin Zhang, Guo Zhen Lin, Ying Li Zhang, Xiuli Li, Wen Yuan Wu
At present, GAD treatment is mainly based on medication. Commonly used anxiolytic drugs in the clinic include anxiolytics (benzodiazepines and 5-HT1A receptor partial agonists) and antidepressants with anxiolytic effects. 5-HT1A receptor partial agonists mainly produce anxiolytic effects by regulating 5-HT function. Tandospirone is a representative 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that tandospirone is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. In vivo, tandospirone is metabolized to 1-(2-pyrimidine) -piperazine by CYP3A4. Trials have demonstrated the anxiolytic effects of tandospirone7,8. The currently approved indications of tandospirone in China are anxiety caused by various neuroses, including GAD, essential hypertension, peptic ulcer and other physical diseases. The recommended dose of tandospirone is 30-60 mg/d9. Several national and international guidelines have recommended 5-HT1A receptor partial agonists for the first-line treatment of anxiety disorders, especially GAD10–12. Tandospirone is highly effective and safe, and represents a more promising drug for clinical application compared with traditional anti-anxiety drugs13–15.
Effectiveness of hypnosis on pain and anxiety in dentistry: Narrative review
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2022
Julio José Silva, Joyce Da Silva, Luiz Felipe Souza, Danúbia Sá-Caputo, Celia Martins Cortez, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos, Mário Bernardo-Filho
Eitner et al. (2011) in their study showed that for patients undergoing dental implant surgery, anxiolysis was substantially stronger for patients listening to special texts of hypnosis and music using the music pillow when compared to patients who did not use hypnotherapy. Both the spoken text and the music were recorded using professional digital audio equipment. The hypnosis text was meant to induce a dissociated dream state. Using breathing techniques, the patient is encouraged to develop a very light trance state that is then deepened using specific suggestions. Specifically, patients undergoing hypnosis had lower intraoperative diastolic blood pressure than patients in the control group. The study showed that the newly developed music pillow with its original relaxation text and its music had anxiolytic effects on patients undergoing dental implantation, compared to other anxiolytic methods. Objective and subjective parameters indicated that the anxiolytic effects were due to the trance state of the patients.