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COVID-19 Pandemic and Traditional Chinese Medicines
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Roheena Abdullah, Ayesha Toor, Hina Qaiser, Afshan Kaleem, Mehwish Iqtedar, Tehreema Iftikhar, Muhammad Riaz, Dou Deqiang
Ear candling is the technique in which a hollow candle is placed over the ear and is burned at the opposite end. This technique a believed to remove wax and debris from the ear and relieves headache. It also treats allergies. But scientifically this technique is proved to be harmful to the body, in case the wax of the melting candle falls in the ear. This technique is also proved to be ineffective to treat any headache, allergies or removal of ax and debris from ear. So, in the light of scientific evidences, this practice has mostly been abandoned in China [12].
ENT Foreign Bodies
Published in Raymond W Clarke, Diseases of the Ear, Nose & Throat in Children, 2023
Toys, pieces of crayon, beads, sponge, organic matter such as food particles and even live insects can be found in the ear canal. The parent or carer may witness the child putting something in their ear, or an object can be found incidentally on otoscopy. Often, there is no pain or discharge, but organic matter can become infected. Wax tends to accumulate around the object and may become impacted. Gentle suction under vision (microscopy) or syringing with warm water may be enough, but if the object is impacted, or very deep in the ear canal, it will need instrumental removal. Use a ‘grasping’ instrument, ‘crocodile’ or ‘alligator’ forceps, under good lighting conditions and with the child relaxed and quiet if the object has an irregular edge. A spherical object (e.g. a bead) is better removed using a curved or hooked instrument introduced to be able to get behind the object and gently withdraw it. If the child is fractious or very nervous, you may need to arrange a general anaesthetic. Live insects can cause intense distress; immobilise the insect by filling the ear canal with a local anaesthetic (lidocaine) prior to removal.
Conditions of the External Ear
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Ayeshah Abdul-Hamid, Samuel MacKeith
Wax is a combination of desquamated skin and cerumen, formed by glands in the base of the hair follicles of hair-bearing skin, in the lateral third of the external auditory canal (EAC). Most external canals are self-cleaning, but a common finding on otoscopy is partial occlusion of the canal that is usually asymptomatic. Wax is amenable to removal by non-specialists by water syringing most commonly using a pressure-controlled irrigator. Specialists prefer to remove wax under direct vision with the aid of a headlight, microscope, or endoscope, via a speculum with ear wax hooks or similar instruments, or suction. Various wax-softening agents including olive oil and sodium bicarbonate are frequently used to ease removal. However, there is no evidence to support the use of one agent over another.1
Effect of drug load and lipid–wax blends on drug release and stability from spray-congealed microparticles
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Hongyi Ouyang, Soon Jun Ang, Zong Yang Lee, Tze Ning Hiew, Paul Wan Sia Heng, Lai Wah Chan
Hydrophobic carriers, in particular solid lipids, have been increasingly used to achieve taste-masking, modified-release, and increased stability of drugs. However, there are very limited studies on the use of paraffin wax in oral dosage forms, where it can potentially be used as a hydrophobic matrix material in spray congealing to modify drug release or enhance the stability of drugs. Conventionally, paraffin wax comprises a mixture of n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, and cyclo-alkanes that is obtained from crude oil through high-pressure hydrogenation. It is not commonly employed to develop pharmaceutical dosage forms due to reservations regarding its quality. More recently, pharmaceutical-grade paraffin wax (Ph. Eur/USP-NF) has become available as the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process is utilized to yield hydrocarbon chains from syngas (Sasol 2022). After subsequent distillation and hydrogenation, paraffin wax of a particular chain length can be produced. One major advantage is that such paraffin wax has higher chemical purity, characterized by linear molecular chains and very low iso-alkane content. This would translate into consistent and predictable properties, ideal for use in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The advent of FT paraffin wax has potentially provided opportunities for its use in drug delivery systems and the interest in this wax for drug encapsulation by spray congealing. A previous study explored its ability to taste mask a bitter drug by exploiting the hydrophobic nature of the wax (Ouyang et al. 2018).
Potential airborne asbestos exposures in dentistry: a comprehensive review and risk assessment
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
A. Michael Ierardi, Claire Mathis, Ania Urban, Neva Jacobs, Brent Finley, Shannon Gaffney
CRL and investment material are two products typically used by dental professionals during the “lost-wax” casting process. This method dates back to ancient Egypt, and was also used by early Chinese civilizations, as well as the Etruscans, Romans, Aztecs, Mayans, and Phoenicians (Hollenback 1962; Morey 1991a). The casting process that is used in dentistry, however, was first developed in 1907 by Dr. W. H. Taggart (Taggart 1907). The “lost-wax” casting process is used by dental professionals to create crowns, bridges, and other dental fixtures by forming and then filling imprints of wax models or inlays in hardened investment material. The use of a wetted asbestos CRL as part of the “lost-wax” method was used to allow for the proper expansion of the investment material during the casting process to ensure accuracy of the metal casting (Souder and Paffenbarger 1942; J. F. Jelenko & Co. 1963; Skinner 1963). Although the use of asbestos-containing CRL was first described by Taylor et al. in 1930, it became a universally adopted casting technique in 1960 when it was introduced by Dr. Wilmer A. Souder of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) (Taylor et al. 1930; Hollenback and Rhoads 1960; Earnshaw 1988).
Chronic inflammatory reaction to bone wax in cochlear implantation: A case report and literature review
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2020
Kylen Van Osch, Peng You, Kim Zimmerman, John Yoo, Sumit K. Agrawal
The origins of bone wax date back to the 1850s (Hill et al., 2013). It was popularized in 1892 by Victor Horsley, a British neurosurgeon, who developed a formula using beeswax, almond oil, and salicylic acid (Baird et al., 2018; Ellis, 2007). Since then, bone wax has been used as a hemostatic and sealing agent during cardiac, orthopedic, ophthalmic, neurosurgery, and oral & maxillofacial surgery (Baird et al., 2018). In addition to its use as a hemostatic agent, bone wax can also be used during CI to secure the proximal end of the electrode in the electrode tunnel. While bone wax is generally considered safe, it can lead to adverse reactions such as infection, allergic reaction, and foreign body granuloma (Ateş et al., 2004). In this article, we present the first reported case of a patient who developed a foreign body reaction to bone wax two years post-CI.