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Petrolatum: Conditioning Through Occlusion
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski
Generally, the most practical knowledge of the composition of petrolatum is based on the amounts of solid and liquid components in the material. The solid components are obviously mineral waxes (e.g., paraffin and microcrystalline wax), while the liquid component is a heavy mineral oil. [It should be noted, however, that even this border between the solid wax hydrocarbons and liquid mineral hydrocarbons "is neither definite nor scientific" (16). One can easily identify many saturated hydrocarbon molecules which melt at or near ambient temperatures.] The paraffin waxes are commonly recognized as paraffinic components, due to their brittleness. This lack of ductility arises from the ease by which the paraffinic molecules can align themselves and crystallize, due to the overall lack of significant branching. On the other hand, microcrystalline waxes are isoparaffinic, will not crystallize easily due to molecular branching, and so are not as brittle as the paraffin waxes.
Thickening Agents
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Ricardo D’Agostino Garcia, Antony O’Lenick, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva
Microcrystalline wax is a solid obtained by extracting the oil from petrolatum. It is a complex mixture composed mainly of C31–C70 isoparaffins. It has a microcrystalline structure, high adhesive power, good extensibility, is not susceptible to low temperatures and has a high melting point (60–85°C). When mixed with other waxes, it suppresses crystal formation making it useful in lipsticks and creams.
Hair Styling/Fixative Products
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Joseph A. Dallal, Colleen M. Rocafort
Some other forms of styling products include the following products: Shine products range from pump and aerosols to liquid drops of oils, esters, or silicones that are applied as a modifier to any of the previously discussed styling aids to add shine or enhance smoothness and remove tackiness of just about any style. One of the drawbacks of these formulas is their high cost due to their lack of water. However, since the activities are not water soluble and their incorporation into the typical styling products would not result in clear products, or upon solubilization would lose their shine and lubricity, these products have been marketed as anhydrous products diluted with a solvent to aid their application and distribution to the hair. Since they are not water soluble, quite often they can remove most if not all of the tackiness of the styling product while at the same time, add shine.Styling gels with a good yield value have also incorporated these esters/oils/silicones as dispersions to yield a milky/icy/or opaque gel that provide styling control while adding softness/less tack/and more shine.Pomades may be petrolatum and microcrystalline wax-based products. They utilize a stiff rheology and hydrophobic properties to hold curly hair in an uncurled position while preventing water or moisture from entering the hair, which would cause the hair to curl up again. A drawback is poor shampoo removability and transfer to pillows and car windows. Incorporation of low to medium HLB (7) surfactants into the petrolatum allows for enhanced removability. Another drawback is the heaviness on fine or limp hair. In the mid 1980s through late 1990s, these pomades saw several attempts to hit the fashion market again—not just for curly hair, but even for straight hair. With increased processing of hair—perms and color, and the attention to the “aging of America”—keeping hair feeling and looking natural and young has prompted the resurgence and broadening the application of this line of products to a wider range of users.The grunge look was fashionable in the early 1990s, replacing the dry look. Products were used to make the hair style look “lived in” instead of freshly washed. This was an attempt to cover up the extensive damage due to cosmetic chemical treatments made on the hair—highlighting, color, perms, and bleaches.
Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Ralph Pirow, Annegret Blume, Nicole Hellwig, Matthias Herzler, Bettina Huhse, Christoph Hutzler, Karla Pfaff, Hermann-Josef Thierse, Tewes Tralau, Bärbel Vieth, Andreas Luch
The solid paraffins are differentiated in the Ph. Eur. into hard paraffin (P. solidum), also called paraffin wax, and microcrystalline wax, for which currently only a draft Monograph exists. Both products are defined as saturated hydrocarbons. Hard paraffin mainly contains straight-chain alkanes. Microcrystalline wax has a high content of branched and cyclic alkanes, which is important for the manufacturing of petrolatum, as it imparts a low bleeding tendency (i.e. the tendency for the oil component to separate from the wax component). In the USP and the NF, the corresponding qualities are termed paraffin and microcrystalline wax.
Effect of drug load and lipid–wax blends on drug release and stability from spray-congealed microparticles
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Hongyi Ouyang, Soon Jun Ang, Zong Yang Lee, Tze Ning Hiew, Paul Wan Sia Heng, Lai Wah Chan
Various studies have shown that spray-congealed microparticles can be adapted to achieve different drug delivery outcomes by varying the process and formulation parameters. As spray-congealed microparticles comprise a drug that is entrapped within or surrounded by the matrix material, they can be used to modify drug release (Bodmer et al. 1992; Novartis et al. 1996; Rodriguez et al. 1999; Passerini et al. 2002; Quadir et al. 2003; Savolainen et al. 2003; Park et al. 2004; Bilati et al. 2005; Jaspart et al. 2005) and mask the taste of unpleasant drugs (Yajima et al. 1996, 1999, 2002, 2003; Qi et al. 2006; Uchida et al. 2010). Several factors can be varied to obtain the desired drug release profiles, for instance, the physical properties of the drug (Savolainen et al. 2002), size of microparticles, type of matrix materials (Akiyama et al. 1993) and additives. With regard to the matrix materials, hydrophilic carriers such as polyethylene glycols (Fini et al. 2002; Oh et al. 2015, 2016), poloxamers (Kulthe and Chaudhari 2014) and gelucires (Cavallari et al. 2005, 2014; Bertoni, Albertini, Ferraro, et al. 2019; Bertoni, Albertini, et al. 2020) have been used to improve the drug release of poorly water-soluble drugs. In contrast, lipophilic carriers such as carnauba wax (Emås and Nyqvist 2000), microcrystalline wax (Passerini et al. 2003), hydrogenated vegetable oils (Hassan et al. 1995; Guo et al. 2005; Consoli et al. 2016), tristearin (Scalia et al. 2013) and glyceryl behenate (McCarron et al. 2008) have been employed for sustained drug release. In addition, peptides such as glutathione (Bertoni, Albertini, Facchini, et al. 2019) and gonadorelin (Traub-Hoffmann et al. 2020) as well as the catalase protein (Bertoni, Tedesco, et al. 2020) have also been encapsulated successfully without modification or degradation during the spray congealing process.
Relevance of animal studies in the toxicological assessment of oil and wax hydrocarbons. Solving the puzzle for a new outlook in risk assessment
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Juan-Carlos Carrillo, Dirk Danneels, Jan Woldhuis
In the same year, the European Scientific Committee for Food (SCF), following the similar approach of jointly evaluating waxes and oils based on their common effects in the F-344 rat (SCF 1995), confirmed the ADI for Microcrystalline Wax extending it to waxes meeting the same physical specifications, including those synthetically manufactured. The SCF very carefully considered how to cope with the situation that hydrocarbon waxes and mineral oils (termed mineral hydrocarbons) have complex compositions derived from varying sources; as they can only be described loosely in chemical terms, rather than fully characterized chemically in the detailed manner of most other food additives. While JECFA specified ADIs based on “similarity” of products, the SCF went a step further by specifically defining physical chemical parameters (viscosity, carbon number and average molecular weight) which were considered sufficiently tightly drawn to ensure that only a small proportion of any product conform to these specifications will have carbon chain-lengths in the absorbable range. This approach also considered the question of whether the toxicity observed with some materials could be caused by very small proportions of unusual, highly toxic components, whose presence in products defined mainly by physical characteristics could be unpredictable and uncontrollable. Weighing the evidence on both mineral and synthetic hydrocarbons the SCF concluded that such a possibility is very unlikely. Rather it linked the toxicity to the amounts of lower molecular weight, shorter chain-length substances, which are absorbed and only slowly cleared from the body, that most probably determine the occurrence or absence of toxicity so that higher viscosity materials meeting certain specifications will not cause toxicity. These specifications defined those waxes and oils for which the established ADI applied, and clearly excluded, for example, LMPW and any other wax that did not comply with the following specifications:Highly refined waxes derived from petroleum-based or synthetic hydrocarbon feed stocks; Group ADI of 0–20 mg/kg bw, when○Viscosity not less than 11 mm2/s (cStokes) at 100 °C○Carbon number not less than 25 at the 5% boiling point○Average molecular weight not less than 500•White paraffinic mineral oils derived from petroleum-based hydrocarbon feed stocks; temporary Group ADI of 0–4 mg/kg bw, when○Viscosity not less than 8.5 mm2/s (cStokes) at 100 °C○Carbon number not less than 25 at the 5% boiling point○Average molecular weight not less than 480