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Sarcomas
Published in E. George Elias, CRC Handbook of Surgical Oncology, 2020
Tumors of vascular endothelial origin—include angiosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, and hemangiopericytoma. Angiosarcomas are common in elderly people in the scalp. They also do occur in the skin, breast, and the liver (Figure 1). Vinyl chloride exposure has been blamed as etiological factor. They have a spongy or blood blister appearance. Lymphangiosarcoma is a rare tumor that used to be frequently seen in the arms of patients who underwent a radical mastectomy and radiation therapy. It arises in a long standing lymphatic obstruction of 10 to 20 years (Figure 2). The survival is poor and lung metastases are common. Hemangiopericytomas do occur in all age groups and sites, but mainly in the lower extremities and retroperitoneum and pelvis. Histologically, this tumor may mimic synovial sarcoma.
Employment Law and Occupational Health and Safety
Published in Julie Dickinson, Anne Meyer, Karen J. Huff, Deborah A. Wipf, Elizabeth K. Zorn, Kathy G. Ferrell, Lisa Mancuso, Marjorie Berg Pugatch, Joanne Walker, Karen Wilkinson, Legal Nurse Consulting Principles and Practices, 2019
Kathleen P. Buckheit, Moniaree Parker Jones
The Vinyl Chloride Standard (29 CFR 1910.1017; see Appendix A) requires an employee have liver function tests yearly for fewer than 10 years of service in an exposed area, and every six months for employees who have worked in an exposed area for greater than 10 years. Exposure to vinyl chloride from any previous industry must be included in the calculation of exposure time. This means, if an employee worked previously at a vinyl plant for five years, and has now been employed at the current plant for five years, liver enzyme testing must be done every six months rather than yearly. Knowledge of these types of legal standards becomes important in the LNC’s medical summaries, which may include assurance of proper record maintenance, company policies, employee performance tests and interpretation, maintenance of confidentiality of records, record retention, record storage, health education, and counseling or referral for conditions of exposure or possible exposure (Strasser & Knoblauch, 2014). Familiarity with the above helps determine confidentiality breach or lack of breach, as well as expected adherence or lack of adherence to protocols and standards.
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies by Cutaneous Administration
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Rochelle W. Tyl, Raymond G. York, James L. Schardein
Vinyl chloride is a monomer used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics. Recent data suggest that inhalation and dermal exposure of human males to vinyl chloride in the workplace may be associated with various chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes and with adverse pregnancy outcome.166
Improved maximum likelihood estimation of the shape-scale family based on the generalized progressive hybrid censoring scheme
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2022
Vinyl chloride is a known human carcinogen, exposure to this compound should be avoided as much as possible, and its level should be kept as low as technically possible. It is known that the concentration of vinyl chloride in drinking water of 0.5 mg/liter is being associated with an increased risk of liver and Brain tumors for exposure beginning at adulthood and will double cancer risk for continuous exposure from birth. Therefore, we consider the dataset used by [7] which represents 34 data points in mg/L from the vinyl chloride obtained from clean upgrade monitoring wells as: 5.1, 1.2, 1.3, 0.6, 0.5, 2.4, 0.5, 1.1, 8.0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.9, 0.4, 2.0, 0.5, 5.3, 3.2, 2.7, 2.9, 2.5, 2.3, 1.0, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 1.8, 0.9, 2.0, 4.0, 6.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2. We found the Weibull extension and Weibull models are a good fit for this dataset as shown in Table 6 and Figures 1(a) and 2(a) respectively. To study the concentration of the vinyl chloride in the water of these wells based on this data set, we find the estimates of the parameters, which represent the scale and shape of the concentration using both models, to determine the average concentration in the water. We observed that the estimates based on the IMLE and Bayes methods for 1(b) and 2(b). Also, the IMLE and Bayes estimates for
Mechanism of phthalate esters in the progression and development of breast cancer
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Mohd Mughees, Himanshu Chugh, Saima Wajid
Phthalates are dialkyl/alkyl/aryl-esters of phthalic acid (Brody et al.2007). Since phthalates act as plasticizers, they are often used in manufacturing of lacquer, varnish, vinyl and also, they are used in personal care items such as perfumes, lotions, cosmetics etc. (Brody et al.2007, Martino-Andrade et al.2010). Phthalate ester varies on the basis of their chain size and so their usage (Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al.2015). The long-chain phthalates are di (2-ethylexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and di (2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP). The short chain phthalates are dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). The long chain phthalates find their primary use in manufacturing of poly vinyl chloride commonly known as PVC, whereas, short chain phthalates are common ingredients for personal care products (Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al.2015).
Response to “letter concerning: Clewell (2019) incorporation of in vitro metabolism data and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in a risk assessment for chloroprene.” (UIHT-2020-0053)
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2020
H. J. Clewell, J. L. Campbell, C. Van Landingham, A. Franzen, M. Yoon, D. E. Dodd, M. E. Andersen, P. R. Gentry
Kaltofen and colleagues cite evidence that the clearance of ethylene oxide is higher in rodents than in humans to support their concerns. However, the kinetics of relatively stable, circulating epoxides such as ethylene oxide or the epoxides of butadiene does not provide a useful quantitative analogy for chloroprene. As in the case of the chloroepoxide generated from vinyl chloride, the presence of chlorine in the chloroepoxides generated from the metabolism of chloroprene results in a much greater reactivity (Haley 1978; Plugge and Jaeger 1979). The relationship across species for the clearance of these less stable intermediates is fundamentally different from that for clearance of the more stable epoxides (Andersen et al. 1987). The dose metric we chose for the chloroprene risk assessment is consistent with the dose metric used in the USEPA (2000) cancer risk assessment for vinyl chloride. For both vinyl chloride and chloroprene, the assumption inherent in the dose metric is that the reactive metabolite would be completely consumed within the tissue where it was generated (Andersen et al. 1987). Himmelstein, Carpenter, Evans, et al. (2004) have previously demonstrated that using this dose metric harmonized the dose-response data for lung tumors in mice, rats, and hamsters, adding confidence in the dose metric for predicting the risk of lung tumors across species.