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Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Rubber and Plastic Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Plasticizers were possibly the cause of one patient's dermatitis when five patients were sensitized to their PVC gloves.2 The patient reacted to tricresyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate, known to be used as plasticizers in PVC. Other potential plasticizer sensitizers include phthalates, e.g., dibutyl and dioctyl phthalate, syn. di(ethylhexyl)phthalate (DOP), di(2-n-butyl) phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, and di-n-butyl maleate.43,65 No cases of type IV allergy from plastic gloves due to phthalates have been reported, but the possibility of a type I allergy should be kept in mind. In a case of contact urticaria reported from the use of PE gloves, chemical analyses of the glove material revealed three fractions, which on scratch testing induced positive whealing reactions confirming type I sensitization. The fractions contained octadecanoic acid methyl ester, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, DOP, cis-13-docosenoic acid amide (Erucamide), and octadecyl 3-(3,5)-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl propionate (Irganox 1076). Interestingly, the patient's elder brother had previously suffered from contact urticaria syndrome caused by DOP in a vinyl- chloride slip-guard in cotton gloves.15,16
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Tricresyl phosphate is an organophosphate compound that is used as a plasticizer and for diverse other applications. Tricresyl phosphate in vivo and in vitro inhibited testosterone production in rat Leydig cells.208
Aerotoxic syndrome, discussion of possible diagnostic criteria
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
Gerard Hageman, Teake M. Pal, Jik Nihom, Sarah J. Mackenzie Ross, Martin van den Berg
The term “Aerotoxic Syndrome” (ATS) was proposed in 1999 to describe a constellation of symptoms reported by cabin crew [1]. On most commercial aircraft, cabin air is drawn from outside and then circulated around the engine before being pumped into the cabin (“bleed air”). Cabin air sometimes becomes contaminated by hydraulic fluids or jet engine oils because of faulty seals or following the overfilling of oil reservoirs. Hydraulic fluids and engine oils contain a number of potentially neurotoxic organophosphate compounds (OPC) including tricresyl phosphate (TCP), but also contain other neurotoxins such as toluene and xylenes.
Female infertility caused by organophosphates: an insight into the latest biochemical and histomorphological findings
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Mohammad Samare-Najaf, Ali Samareh, Bahia Namavar Jahromi, Navid Jamali, Sina Vakili, Majid Mohsenizadeh, Cain C. T. Clark, Ali Abbasi, Nastaran Khajehyar
FRs, substances used in industrial applications and consumer products, are one of the most well-known endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that are special additives applied to thwart the spread of fire from combustible materials, thereby, FRs are found throughout the home and workplace. Since the constituents of FRs are not attached to the basic material, they could leach off to accumulate in household dust that is subsequently ingested or inhaled by humans (Greaves and Letcher 2017, Hoffman et al.2017). For decades, polybrominated diethyl ethers were applied as FRs. However, the abundant presence of these chemicals in the environment and the subsequent detrimental endocrine and neurological consequences led to a phase-out of manufacturing in the United States between 2004 and 2013 amid growing concerns regarding their reproductive and neurological toxicity (Zota et al.2013, Doherty et al.2019). Subsequently, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were considered as chemical replacements for polybrominated diethyl ethers, which became ubiquitous in home and work environments (Liu et al.2019). Chemically, OPFRs belong to organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are characterized by the presence of a phosphate group attached to alkyl or aryl groups. The OPEs are described as a diverse group of chemicals due to differences in the degree of halogenation, arylation, and the length and branching of side chains. The application of OPFRs, which are usually a mixture of several compounds, led to the resolution of persisting and bioaccumulation of polybrominated diethyl ethers. However, OPFRs, similar to polybrominated diethyl ethers, are additives not chemically bound to materials; thereby are capable of transferring to the environment (Van der Veen and de Boer 2012). In addition to the environment, human biomonitoring studies from different countries have found OPFRs or metabolites in urine, placenta, and breast milk (Ding et al.2016, Jayatilaka et al.2017, Ospina et al.2018). As a result, exposure to OPFRs is widespread and, more importantly, the fetus and neonate could be exposed through placental transfer or breast feeding. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2 propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(2‑chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) are examples of the most important OPFRs (Figure 2).