China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chemical Permeation through Disposable Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Alongside glutaraldehyde, Mellström et al.33 studied the permeability of isopropyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and p-chloro-m-cresol. For 1 h, NR, PVC, and PE glove materials were found to provide acceptable protection against p-chloro-m-cresol along with glutaraldehyde. Isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol permeated NR and PVC gloves in less than 10 min. The PE gloves were of variable quality, and the BT ranged from 4 to >240 min for the alcohols.
Common Cosmetic Ingredients: Chemistry, Actions, Safety and Products
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Cresols (p-chloro-m-cresol [PCMC or chlorocresol], sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, chlorothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, isopropyl cresol, carvacrol, thymol and o-Cymen-5-ol) can be absorbed across the skin when applied in high concentrations, as well as promote the absorption of other compounds. At high concentrations, the cresols can cause significant dermal irritation. At lower concentrations that are generally used in skin care products and cosmetics, significant dermal irritation has been recorded for a number of the cresols. However, the agents PCMC, thymol and o-Cymen-5-ol generally did not cause dermal irritation at low concentrations (Andersen, 2006).
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Cresol is used as a disinfectant, as an ore flotation agent, as a preservative in railroad ties, and as an intermediate in the manufacturing of chemicals, dyes, plastics, and antioxidants. Tricresol phosphate is used as a jet engine fuel. A mixture of isomers is generally used; the concentrations of the components are determined by the source of the cresol. o-Cresol is also a metabolite of toluene in the urine of humans.
Microbiota-derived metabolites as drivers of gut–brain communication
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Hany Ahmed, Quentin Leyrolle, Ville Koistinen, Olli Kärkkäinen, Sophie Layé, Nathalie Delzenne, Kati Hanhineva
A wealth of preclinical discoveries has clarified the extensive range of pathways through which microbiota-derived metabolites could drive the communication between gut and brain as illustrated in Figure 4. The human microbiome harbors a variety of microbial species capable of producing neurotransmitters, signaling molecules, or metabolizing their precursors into distinct compounds.145,189,201 As certain bacterium may contribute significantly to the levels of gut-derived metabolites observed in the host,138 it is compelling to speculate how much the presence, or absence, of such bacterium could modulate the gut–brain crosstalk and contribute to overall health status. For example, abundance of secondary bile acid-producing bacteria could result into increased circulation of deoxycholic acid and other secondary bile acids compromising the BBB integrity and resulting into increased translocation of microbial metabolites into the brain.81 Keeping in mind that the overall impact of these metabolites on health could depend on the genetic background or the presence of an illness, decreased liver or kidney function could exacerbate the accumulation of toxic metabolites like p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate that have been associated with neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases.16,17,48–50,90
Identification of odor biomarkers in irradiation injury urine based on headspace SPME-GC-MS
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Xin Wu, Tong Zhu, Hongbing Zhang, Lu Lu, Xin He, Changxiao Liu, Sai-jun Fan
The most potent odor biomarker confirmed was P-cresol which is a known product of protein degradation. It is produced from tyrosine, phenylalanine and phenol in the intestine via bacterial metabolism, and accumulates throughout the body in case of kidney failure. Previous studies have suggested that radiation exposure can increase the excretion of P-cresol (Lanz et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2014; Korytowska et al. 2019; Plata et al. 2019), due to renal injury and intestinal flora imbalance response to irradiation exposure. According to previous reports, many methyl ketones and alcohols were chemotactic substances for C. elegans, and also important chemical pheromones for information transmission (Mochalski and Unterkofler 2016; Zhang et al. 2016; Panebianco et al. 2017; Gutierrez-Garcia et al. 2018). The majority of identified odor biomarkers associated with irradiation exposure were comprised of methylated and other derivatives of alkanes, alkenes and benzene. These volatile products were induced by irradiation injury in tissues, and they may be partly from the response to oxidative stress.
Metabolism of cyclic phenones in rainbow trout in vitro assays
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Jose Serrano, Mark A. Tapper, Richard C. Kolanczyk, Barbara R. Sheedy, Tylor Lahren, Dean E. Hammermeister, Jeffrey S. Denny, Michael W. Hornung, Alena Kubátová, Patricia A. Kosian, Jessica Voelker, Patricia K. Schmieder
All reagents were of the highest purity and grade available. Acetonitrile (ACN) and hexane were procured from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA). Ethanol (EtOH) was obtained from Aaper Alcohol and Chemical Co. (Shelbyville, KT). 4-Methylphenol (p-Cresol) was purchased from Supelco Technologies, (Bellefonte, PA). Cyclohexyl phenyl methanol (CPKOH; CAS 945-49-3; 97%) was purchased from Atlantic Chemicals, Stratton, United Kingdom. The remaining test chemicals and metabolite standards were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) with reported purities of 98-99%, including: cyclobutyl phenyl ketone (CBP; CAS 5407-98-7), cyclohexyl phenyl ketone (CPK; CAS 712-50-5), cyclohexyl (2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ketone (opCPK; CAS 97231-21-5), benzophenone or diphenylketone (DPK; CAS 119-61-9), benzhydrol (BADPK; CAS 91-01-0) and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (OHDPK; CAS 1137-42-4). TEDG buffer components (Tris, EDTA, DTT, glycerol) and slice exposure media were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and used as previously described (Schmieder et al., 2004). Reagents for conjugate hydrolysis and chemicals for derivatizations obtained from Sigma-Aldrich were: Sulfatase, β-Glucuronidase, 1,4-lactone-D-saccharic acid, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoro acetamide (BSTFA), and N-methyl-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). All physical–chemical parameters for test chemicals and metabolites were obtained from EPI Suite v4.11 (USEPA) with the exception of log hexane/water partition coefficients and experimental GC-MS retention times.