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Nutrition
Published in Jan de Boer, Marcel Dubouloz, Handbook of Disaster Medicine, 2020
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency causes beriberi. Symptoms and signs are loss of appetite, malaise and severe weakness, especially in the legs, sometimes proceeding to paralysis of the limbs. It may also provoke cardiac failure with dyspnoea, dependent oedema, and risk of sudden death. It occurs particularly when the diet consists almost exclusively of white polished rice or starchy staples such as cassava. Laboratory assessment is by erythrocyte transketolase measurement after a dose of thiamine pyrophosphate; or by breastmilk thiamine levels if infantile beriberi is suspected.
B-Group Vitamin-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, María del Milagro Teran, Luiz Henrique Groto Garutti, Ana Clara Candelaria Cucik, Susana Marta Isay Saad, Bernadette Dora Gombossy de Melo Franco, Jean Guy LeBlanc
Thiamine is needed for the release of energy from carbohydrates and is also involved in the normal functioning of the nervous system and the heart. Thiamine is present in the human body as free thiamine and as different phosphorylated forms; thiamine pyrophosphate (ThDP) is the biologically active form, working as an essential cofactor in all forms of life and has a key role in carbohydrate, branched-chain amino acid and other organic molecules metabolism. ThDP is synthesized de novo by certain bacteria, archaea, yeast, fungi, plants, and protozoans (Begley et al. 1999). Other organisms, such as humans, rely upon thiamine transport and salvage to obtain sufficient amounts for their metabolic reactions.
Vitamin Deficiency in Patients with Terminal Cancer
Published in Victor R. Preedy, Handbook of Nutrition and Diet in Palliative Care, 2019
Renata Gorska, Dominic J. Harrington
Low plasma thiamine levels are common and are associated with increased mortality in patients in intensive care units (Donnino et al. 2010). Thiamine deficiency is also well described in patients with advanced cancer (Barbato and Rodriguez 1994). In particular, thiamine deficiency presents in patients with rapidly growing malignancies. To support rapid growth and proliferation, tumour cells require large amounts of energy, which in part is derived from the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to ATP. The pentose phosphate pathway is important in glucose metabolism, with transketolase an integral enzyme for the nonoxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. Thiamine is metabolised to thiamine pyrophosphate, the cofactor of transketolase. The upregulation of transketolase activity during tumour progression has been widely reported.
Anticonvulsant effects of thiamine on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Azam Mesdaghinia, Marziye Alinejad, Alireza Abed, Azhdar Heydari, Hamid Reza Banafshe
Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin that is converted to its active form, thiamine pyrophosphate, in the liver. Thiamine pyrophosphate is a cofactor for many enzymes which is involved in energy metabolism and plays a key role in the brain metabolism.20 Thiamine-dependent enzymes are critical for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, antioxidants, and pentose sugars for the production of nucleic acid.21 Thiamine has protective role against cytotoxic agents and involved in synaptic transmission, axonal development, and production of myelin for neurons.22 Many studies have investigated the relationship between thiamine deficiency and neurological defects or neurological disorders.23 Thiamine deficiency causes peripheral neuropathy and encephalopathy and impairs the synaptic transmission, learning processes, psychomotor, and sensory activities in animal studies.24 Deficiency of the thiamine-dependent enzymes is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson and Alzheimer.25,26 Some studies have investigated the relationship between thiamine deficiency and seizure.27,28 Fattal-Valevski et al.29 followed seven children with refractory epilepsy seizures that were fed with milk powder without thiamine. After 5–6 years of follow-up, all presented children suffered from mental retardation, movement disorders, dysfunction in the brain stem, and refractory seizures.
Thiamine and phosphate esters concentrations in whole blood and serum of patients with alcohol use disorder: a relation with cognitive deficits
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Laurent Coulbault, Ludivine Ritz, François Vabret, Coralie Lannuzel, Céline Boudehent, Marie Nowoczyn, Hélène Beaunieux, Anne Lise Pitel
Thiamine, also named vitamin B1, plays a key role in cellular metabolism and ATP production in human cells. Thiamine is phosphorylated in cells which produce thiamine pyrophosphate (TDP), the most abundant phosphate ester in whole blood and tissues, but other thiamine derivatives can be found in mammalian tissues [1,2]. Only TDP has clearly identified physiological functions in human and in other mammals. TDP is a cofactor for pyruvate deshydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate deshydrogenase, and then is involved in cellular metabolism and ATP production. TDP is also a cofactor for transketolase, which is involved in NADPH production through pentose cycle, and is essential for the regulation of cellular redox status [2].
What are the immunopharmacological effects of furazolidone? A systematic review
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Ivan Brito Feitosa, Bruno Mori, Ana Paula de Azevedo dos Santos, Janaína Cecília Oliveira Villanova, Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles, Allyson Guimarães Costa
FZD decreases the activity of the transketolase enzyme, which depends directly on the availability of thiamin at the enzyme level, and decreasing enzyme activities are associated with reduced levels of thiamin. Thiamin is metabolized to thiamin pyrophosphate, a cofactor of the enzyme transcetolase. In turn, thiamin is catalyzed by MAO and, as MAO is inhibited after the administration of FZD (MAOI), thiamin levels increase and may cause sympathomimetic effects, such as marked elevation in blood pressure, severe pulsatile headache and intracranial hemorrhage, and serotonin syndrome, although such effects are rare after administration of FZD [7].