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Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Besides BPA, its analogues (bisphenol S, bisphenol AF, bisphenol F, and tetrabromobisphenol) that were recently used as alternatives had similar actions to BPA. Human fetal testes exposed to 10-nM BPA, bisphenol S, or bisphenol AF had lower basal testosterone secretion.150 Adult male rats exposed to different doses of bisphenol S (1–50 μg/kg BW/day) had significantly higher testicular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lower testosterone levels.151 Male rats exposed to bisphenol AF (50 and 200 mg/kg BW/day) for 14 days had lower testosterone production and Star expression levels.152 BPA, bisphenol F, and tetrabromobisphenol antagonized human androgen receptors with IC50 values of 39, 20, and 982 nM, respectively.153
Contact Urticaria Syndrome from Epoxy Resin
Published in Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach, Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) is the monomer in the most commonly used epoxy resin (Figure 20.1). Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F is a chemically closely related monomer present in epoxy resins. Examples of monomers in other epoxy resins are diglycidyl ether of tetrabromobisphenol A, tetraglycidyl-4, 4’methylenedianiline, and triglycidyl derivative of paraaminophenol.
The effects of bisphenols on the cardiovascular system
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Patrícia Dias, Václav Tvrdý, Eduard Jirkovský, Marija Sollner Dolenc, Lucija Peterlin Mašič, Přemysl Mladěnka
Data on real human exposure to other bisphenols (Figure 1) are limited, but there are several documented reports of serum levels ranging from non-detectable to hundreds of nM, as shown in Table 3. Regarding BPS, a study following the healthy general population along the Yangtze River in China confirmed BPS in 97.5% (n = 240) of serum samples with a mean total BPS level of 1.43 ng/mL (∼5.7 nM). However, there were huge differences between particular regions and individuals, with the highest reported total serum BPS level being 169 ng/mL (∼675 nM) (Wan et al. 2018). Another study following pregnant women in China also detected various bisphenols in serum samples across various provinces. Bisphenols were found in a wide range of concentrations among the samples, and each bisphenol had different detection rates. TBBPS was the most frequently detected (∼90%), followed by BPS (∼70%), bisphenol AP (∼45%), bisphenol B (∼40%), bisphenol AF (∼33%), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) (∼30%), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) (∼30%), bisphenol F (BPF) (∼20%), bisphenol Z (∼20%), and bisphenol P (∼4%) (Li et al. 2020).
Bisphenol S modulates concentrations of bisphenol A and oestradiol in female and male mice
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Tyler Pollock, Lucas J. Greville, Rachel E. Weaver, Marija Radenovic, Denys deCatanzaro
Recent evidence from our laboratory has shown that exposure to common EDCs can elevate concentrations of BPA in tissues and blood serum (Borman et al., 2017; Pollock, 2017; Pollock et al., 2014, 2017a,b, 2018). In these studies, mice were administered a single dose of one EDC then given 50 μg/kg 14C-BPA, which is the oral reference dose set by the EPA (U.S. EPA, 1988). Administration of 0.6–18 mg triclosan (Pollock et al., 2014), 1–27 mg tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) (Pollock et al., 2017a), 1–9 mg butyl paraben (BP) (Pollock et al., 2017b), 9 mg propyl paraben (PP) (Pollock et al., 2017b), or 3–18 mg diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (Borman et al., 2017) significantly elevated BPA concentrations in tissues and blood serum of female and/or male mice. Concurrent administration can have effects at doses below those required for the individual EDCs to do so (Pollock et al., 2017a); a mixture of 0.1 mg each of triclosan, TBBPA, BP, PP, and DEHP significantly elevated BPA concentrations in tissues and blood serum of female mice (Pollock et al., 2018). Some of these EDCs also modulate concentrations of oestradiol (E2), the most potent natural oestrogen. Elevated urinary E2 concentrations were observed in mice administered a single dose of 1–2 mg triclosan (Pollock et al., 2016), 1 mg TBBPA (Pollock et al., 2017a), or 3 mg BP (Pollock et al., 2017b). Such actions could be pertinent to human health given that elevated oestrogen levels are implicated in hormone-dependent cancers (Million Women Study Collaborators, 2003, 2005, 2007) and can be damaging to female fertility (deCatanzaro, 2015; Gidley-Baird et al., 1986; Ma et al., 2003; Thorpe et al., 2013).
Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny—part III: how is substance-mediated thyroid hormone imbalance in pregnant/lactating rats or their progeny related to neurodevelopmental effects?
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
M. Sue Marty, Ursula G. Sauer, Alex Charlton, Rashin Ghaffari, Davy Guignard, Nina Hallmark, Bethany R. Hannas, Sylvia Jacobi, Heike-Antje Marxfeld, Stephanie Melching-Kollmuss, Larry P. Sheets, Daniel Urbisch, Philip A. Botham, Bennard van Ravenzwaay
The ECETOC T4 TF defined four case studies to cover the major thyroid-related AOPs/MoAs in mammals (Marty et al. 2021) and assigned fourteen thyroid-active substances (as well as dietary iodine deficiency) to these case studies. This assignment followed the state-of-the-science that the substances trigger the respective MIEs and hence exhibit the corresponding MoA(s) as sole or predominant MoA(s):Case Study 1—Impairment of thyroid hormone synthesis via TPO inhibition: propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole (MMI), ethylene thiourea (ETU), mancozeb, mercaptobenzimidazole, amitrole and cyanamideCase Study 2—Impairment of thyroid hormone synthesis via reduced iodine bioavailability in the thyroid gland: perchlorate (NIS inhibition) and dietary iodine deficiencyCase Study 3—Enhancement of thyroid hormone clearance via displacement of thyroid hormone from serum binding proteins and/or via induction of liver enzymes that metabolise thyroid hormone: tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), perfluorohexane sulphonates (PFHxS), Aroclor 1254 [a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)], DE-71 [a mix of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)] and triclosanCase Study 4—Other MoA(s) including DIO inhibition: octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), a substance whose exact MoA is still unclear but that has been observed to reduce both serum T4 levels and hepatic DIO1 activity (Schmutzler et al. 2004)