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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Terpinolene is a colorless clear liquid; its odor type is herbal and its odor at 10% in dipropylene glycol is described as ‘fresh woody sweet pine citrus’ (www.thegoodscentscompany.com). Terpinolene is given off naturally from tissues of many plants, especially trees. It is a component of many types of oranges as well as several oils, notably tea tree oil (see ‘Presence in essential oils’ below). Terpinolene is an important commercial chemical that is used as a solvent, as a flavoring ingredient in foods, and to make other chemicals including synthetic resins and flavors. It is also used as a fragrance in industrial and household cleaners, soaps, lotions, and perfumes (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
Why Terpenes Matter—The Entourage Effect
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
Terpinolene is one of the least common terpenes but is also found in nutmeg, tea tree, cumin. Sedative, antispasmodicAntioxidant, anti-tumor, antifungal, antibacterial
Terpenes and Terpenoids
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Terpinolene is a constituent of some vegetable oils and of some pine species.87 Terpinolene was found to induce eczematous lesions on the hands and forearms of a 49-year-old woman whose occupation involved the use of a special machine cleaner.88 It might be considered a pheromone due to its presence in the cephalic secretions of the Australian termite.89 This substance is used by veterinarians for its antiviral properties.78 It is also used in foods as an artificial flavor, which may exacerbate chemical sensitivity.78
Characterization of aerosols from hemp-derived pre-roll joints
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2023
Hammad Irshad, Justyna Kulpa, Philip J. Kuehl, Tim Lefever, Jacob D. McDonald
Of the 19 terpenes analyzed in aerosol emissions, six (β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, linalool, δ-limonene, α-pinene, and terpinolene) were detectable in the raw material according to the third-party CoA (Table 1). The remaining 13 terpenes were either not listed on the CoA (–)-α-bisabolol, geraniol, (–)-guaiol, p-isopropyltoluene, (–)-isopulegol, β-myrcene, nerolidol, (–)-β-pinene), not detected (camphene, δ-3-Carene, ocimene, α-terpinene), or < LLOQ of the analytical assay (γ-terpinene). An additional eight terpenes were listed on the CoA as detectable at low levels (fenchone (<0.01 mg/g), borneol (0.01 mg/g)), not detected (eucalyptol) or < LLOQ (citral, caryophyllene oxide, menthol, sabinene, (+)-pulegone), but were not analyzed in aerosol emissions in the present study.
Anti-Demodex Effect of Commercial Eyelid Hygiene Products
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2021
When examining similar studies on this subject, the study of Tighe et al.13 draws attention. In this study, T4O was found to be the strongest component in TTO, followed by a-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, and sabinene. Moreover, T4O was found to be more effective than TTO at equivalent concentrations. The killing effect of T4O was observed even at a concentration of only 1%. It was found to have a significant synergistic effect with Terpinolene, but an antagonistic effect was observed with α-terpineol. This study also emphasized that using T4O alone in Demodex treatment is more effective in preventing antagonistic effects than other substances in the TTO content. In fact, the most important point that draws our attention in this study is that when the concentration of all active substances including TTO, except T4O, falls below 10%, Demodex killing time goes up to 150 min or more. In order to reduce both cost and potential toxic effects, eye cleaning wipes and solutions available in the market contain active ingredients at a concentration below 10%. Thus, it is highly doubtful how much anti-Demodex activity will be for those with ingredients other than T4O. Our study highly supports this situation.
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) leaf extract modulates purinergic and cholinergic enzyme activities in the brain homogenate of 5-fluorouracil administered rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Stephen Adeniyi Adefegha, Sunday Idowu Oyeleye, Abimbola Akintemi, Bathlomew Maduka Okeke, Ganiyu Oboh
In this study, the salutary biological effects of thyme may be attributed to the presence of some bioactive compounds (Fachini-Queiroz et al. 2012, Gavliakova et al. 2013, Quiroga et al. 2015). Luteolin and apigenin are the most abundant flavonoids in thyme and are present in both aglycone and as O-glycoside forms (Stahl-Biskup and Venskutonis 2012, Kaliora et al. 2014). Vallverdu-Queralt et al. (2014) reported that rosmarinic, caffeic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, ferulic, syringic, quercetin and chlorogenic acids are the predominant phenolic acids in thyme. Thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, linalool and limonene were identified as the major terpinol and terpenoids in thyme (Burdock 2016). The thyme leaves were found to contain five biphenyl compounds: 4’-hydroxy-5,5’-diisopropyl-2,2’-dimethylbiphenyl-3,4-dione, 5,5’-diisopropyl-2,2’-dimethylbiphenyl-3,4,3’,4’-tetraone, 4,4’-dihydroxy-5,5’-disopropyl-2,2’-dimethylbiphenyl-3,6-dione, 3,4,3’,4’-tetrahydroxy-5,5’- diisopropyl-2,2’-dimethylbiphenyl and 3,4,4’-trihydroxy-5,5’- diisopropyl-2,2’- dimethylbiphenyl (Okazaki et al. 2002, Javed et al. 2013, Ladopoulou et al. 2015). These aforementioned bioactive constituents could therefore be responsible for the resultant biological effects observed in this study either synergistically or additively.