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Assessing and responding to sudden deterioration in the adult
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Humidification provides a moist environment and so may encourage bacterial growth. Sterile water should be used to minimise bacterial contamination. Humidifiers should be used according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Ophthalmic Injuries
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
The lids should be held apart and the eye irrigated immediately with the nearest water source for 15 minutes. Ideally, saline solution should be used, but non-sterile water can be used if it is the only liquid available.
Cryopreservation of Human Bone Marrow Grafts
Published in Adrian P. Gee, BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
Thawing is accomplished by immersion of the bags into a well-stirred 37°C water bath to assure rapid rewarming. To reduce the risk of contamination, the water bath should be sterilized and filled with sterile water, or saline. Freezing bags have been known to crack occasionally, and use of sterile bath and saline permits the recovery of cells. In case breakage does occur, the bag is removed from the freezing cassette as rapidly as possible, so that the leakage site can be clamped with hemastats. After thawing, the cell suspension is immediately infused into the patient. Usually greater than 1 × 108 nucleated cells per kilogram, based on counts before cryopreservation, are infused.39,40 Excess marrow cells can be kept in LN2. Post-thaw washing of the marrow grafts is not recommended, as cell clumping has been shown to increase stem cell loss,41 and prolonged exposure to 10% DMSO decreases CFU-GM (colony-forming units—granulocyte/macrophage) recovery.13,42
Bacteroides acidifaciens in the gut plays a protective role against CD95-mediated liver injury
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Hesuiyuan Wang, Qing Wang, Chengmao Yang, Mingming Guo, Xiaoyue Cui, Zhe Jing, Yujie Liu, Wanjin Qiao, Hang Qi, Hongyang Zhang, Xu Zhang, Na Zhao, Mengjuan Zhang, Min Chen, Song Zhang, Haijin Xu, Liqing Zhao, Mingqiang Qiao, Zhenzhou Wu
Wild-type mice were treated with a cocktail of antibiotics (Abx) to clear the intestinal flora. The mice rested in a squirrel cage for 2 days, and clean litter and sterile water were regularly provided. Sterile water was continuously provided. Feces were collected from vehicle mice and mice treated with individual antibiotics and transferred to Abx-pretreated mice (Figure 3a). Sensitivity to ConA-induced liver injury was assessed, and the sensitivity of the Abx-pretreated mice that received feces from the donor mice was consistent with the donor mice (Figure 3b,c,e). The Gen-treated and Gen fecal reconstituted mice exhibited only sporadic apoptotic cells, and more extensive apoptosis was observed in the Van-treated and Van fecal-reconstituted mice (Figure 3d,f). This result showed that susceptibility to hepatitis in mice with different gut microbiota was transferable via fecal transplantation. Abx treatment eliminated the difference in susceptibility to ConA-induced liver injury between Van- and Gen-treated mice (Figure 3g), which indicated an association between the gut microbiota and liver injury phenotype. Taken together, these data demonstrated that antibiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis modified the susceptibility to ConA-induced liver injury in mice. Manipulation of the intestinal flora altered this susceptibility, as shown by the results of microbiota reconstitution.
Sterile water injections – a treatment for renal colic when other painkillers are contraindicated?
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2022
It may be of value to consider the problem of treating patients with renal colic in a historical perspective. I have no personal experience of sterile water injections but over the years I have met colleagues who enthusiastically and successfully have applied the method in selected cases. When I started my surgical training 50 years ago, the only treatment for renal colic was injection of opioids. This therapeutic approach worked in most, but not all patients. Moreover, many patients had pronounced side effects, and some patients became addicted to narcotic analgesics. These problems virtually disappeared with the introduction of NSAIDs for use in patients with renal colic [1]. In my opinion, the use of NSAIDs in patients with renal colic is one of the greatest inventions in the care of patients with urolithiasis.
Sterile water injections for management of renal colic pain: a systematic review
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2022
The broad availability of sterile water, lack of side-effects other than the injection pain, and the simplicity of administration would offer some distinct advantages in certain clinical scenarios. NSAIDs may be contraindicated in pregnant women and patients with a history of chronic renal disease. Rural and remote areas of Australia often have poor access to kidney disease management services and a potentially higher rate of nephrolithiasis due to the drier climate [32,33]. Remote Australian Indigenous populations have a higher incidence of chronic renal disease and failure [32]. Renal colic pain is also one of the most common urological medical events on commercial airlines, with Paracetamol often the only available analgesic [34]. A review of the management of renal colic in low resource conditions advises that onsite conservative surveillance is reasonable in the presence of safe and effective pain relief [35]. Intracutaneous or subcutaneous injections of sterile water require a low level of training and skill with no risk of overdosage or adverse systemic reaction, making it an ideal first line procedure where alternatives are either unavailable or contraindicated.