China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Lymphoscintigraphy
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Rimma Axelsson, Maria Holstensson, Ulrika Estenberg
The rate of uptake of the radiotracer may be influenced by the volume injected, as well as the concentration of the radiotracer. These factors may affect the local tissue hydrostatic and oncotic pressures at the site of injection. The most commonly recommended volume for subcutaneous injection is about 0.2 ml [11, 15].
Immunomodulatory Therapies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Interferon γ-1b (ImmukinTM) is approved to reduce the frequency of serious infection in severe malignant osteopetrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. Given by subcutaneous injection, the main side effects include GI symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain), headache, fatigue, fever, chills, depression, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, and injection-site reactions. Confusion and systemic lupus erythematosus have occurred less commonly, and raised liver enzymes thrombocytopenia neutropenia and proteinuria have also been reported. It is not recommended for use during conception or pregnancy.
Haematological disorders
Published in Judy Bothamley, Maureen Boyle, Medical Conditions Affecting Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2020
Women may show initial reluctance to give themselves heparin injections, and the midwife should work through the requirements with women to develop confidence. LMWH, involves only small volumes, which are pre-loaded and given with a fine gauge needle. The site of subcutaneous injection should rotate between thighs and abdominal wall. Grasping some flesh, the injection is made at right angles to the skin surface. Women should be advised not to rub the injection site. Bruising inevitably occurs at the site of injection, although rubbing the site will make that worse. The woman should take precautions in situations that may cause bleeding or injury; for example, a soft bristle toothbrush will protect from bleeding gums. Arrangements for safe disposal of needles should be made.
QL0902, a proposed etanercept biosimilar: pharmacokinetic and immunogenicity profile to its reference product in healthy Chinese male subjects
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Yun Zeng, Jie Huang, Chang Cui, Shuang Yang, Ze-Yu Zhang, Saqib Ali, Zhi-Jun Huang, Guo-Ping Yang
The clinical trial described the pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, and safety of QL0902 in healthy male subjects. QL0902, as a biosimilar of Etanercept, is consistent with Etanercept in terms of structure, physical and chemical properties, and purity. The efficacy and safety are comparable to those of the original research products. The studies in healthy subjects are considered more sensitive to assess product similarity, as there are fewer PK variations than studies in patients with potential confounders (such as potential and/or concomitant diseases and concomitant medication), so this study was conducted in healthy male subjects. Considering that the immunogenicity of biological drugs may affect the PK and PD of drugs [10], immunogenicity was tested during the study. The clinical dose for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis is 50 mg [2]. Therefore, the dose of QL0902 was 50 mg in this trial. The injection method is subcutaneous injection in the abdominal cavity.
Current and emerging biologics for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2020
Ankelien Duchow, Friedemann Paul, Judith Bellmann-Strobl
Using a pH-dependent receptor recycling mechanism, satralizumab (SA237) is a further development of the IL6-targeting monoclonal antibody tocilizumab allowing dosing interval extension. Two randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled phase III studies, SAkuraStar [108] (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02028884) and SAkuraSky (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02073279), aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety of satralizumab compared to placebo as monotherapy (SAkuraStar n = 95) and as add-on therapy (SAkuraSky, n = 83) to azathioprine, MMF, or oral corticosteroids (see Table 1). Eligible NMOSD patients were seropositive or seronegative for anti-AQP4 antibody and had at least one documented relapse during 1 year before study screening. Treatment was administered as a 120 mg subcutaneous injection at weeks 0, 2, and 4 and thereafter once every 4 weeks. Time to first protocol-defined relapse was set as primary outcome measure and changes in pain and fatigue to be secondary outcomes.
PCSK9 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2020
Daniel Steffens, Peter Bramlage, Céline Scheeff, Mario Kasner, Adel Hassanein, Julian Friebel, Ursula Rauch-Kröhnert
Evolocumab and alirocumab received approval from the European Medicines Agency in July and September 2015, respectively. Both drugs are indicated for adults with primary hypercholesterolemia (heterozygous familial and non-familial) or mixed dyslipidemia in the following circumstances: in combination with a statin (± other lipid-lowering therapies) in patients unable to reach target LDL-C on the maximum tolerated dose of a statin; or as monotherapy or in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies in those who are statin-intolerant or for whom a statin is contraindicated [19,20]. Evolocumab is also indicated for use in adults and adolescents aged ≥12 years with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies [20]. Both drugs are administered by subcutaneous injection.