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Techno-Economic Analysis of Multiple Scenarios for the Production of Microalgal Chemicals and Polymers
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Giannis Penloglou, Costas Kiparissides
In the three alternatives of Scenario-S3, a third area is added to the EPS platform flowsheet: Area C, the conversion of EPS to chemicals and polymers.In S3a, PenDO is produced through the conversion of fucose/rhamnose, produced from the hydrolysis of EPS, in a three-step process (Huang et al. 2017): dehydration of sugars to 5-metylfurfural (5-MF); decarbonylation of 5-MF to 2-methylfuran (2-MF); and conversion of 2-MF to PenDO (Han 2016). Upon the separation of PenDO in an azeotropic distillation step, it is polymerized to polyesters/polyamides.In S3b, the production of FDCA and polymerization to PEF is performed via the conversion of EPS-derived glucose in a two-step process (Eerhart et al. 2014): dehydration of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF); and catalytic oxidation of HMF to FDCA, which is separated in the following crystallization step (Eerhart et al. 2015). The final process step is the polymerization of FDCA to PEF.In S3c, an enzymatic process step is developed to produce adipic acid from glucose in a three-step process: enzymatic oxidation of glucose to 6-oxogalactose; catalytic oxidation to galactaric acid; and catalytic hydro-deoxygenation to adipic acid (Bueno et al. 2015). The recovered, via distillation, adipic acid is then polymerized to polyesters/polyamides (Gunukula and Anex 2017).In S4, the production of ethylene/propylene is based on the HCs platform. The recovered HCs are subjected to steam cracking for their conversion, initially to green naphtha and further to ethylene/propylene (Brown et al. 2012). Upon a cooling and compression step the produced alkenes are recovered through a cryogenic separation process (Zacharopoulou and Lemonidou 2018).
A review of methanol poisoning: a crisis beyond ocular toxicology
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Peter Pressman, Roger Clemens, Saura Sahu, A. Wallace Hayes
One of the fastest growing markets for methanol is the production of light olefins. Olefins, ethylene and propylene, are fundamental components in the plastics industry and have been typically produced from the steam cracking of ethane and naphtha. Methanol can alternatively and more cheaply be used as feedstock for olefins production.