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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Contact allergy to and allergic contact dermatitis from topical minoxidil lotion used for androgenic alopecia or alopecia areata have been reported frequently, sometimes in the form of single case reports (4,5,6,8,9,11,14,16, 17,34,36), but also in case series of 2 (3,35,37), 4 (13,33), 6 (38), 7 (7), 8 (29), 22 (2) and 25 (30) patients. In a number of sensitized individuals, the allergic contact dermatitis was not due to the active ingredient itself, but was caused by contact allergy to the excipient propylene glycol (3,12,13,15,26,29,30,31,35,36,39). In one study (13), the majority of allergic reactions were stated to be due to propylene glycol, but the test concentration (unspecified, but certainly 50% was tested), was too high, risking irritant, false-positive reactions. In another investigation, deemed to be unreliable by some authors (30), all 13 cases of contact allergy to minoxidil lotion were ascribed to propylene glycol (31). Conversely, in an Italian study, of 25 patients reacting to minoxidil lotion, propylene glycol co-reacted in one patient only. However, propylene glycol was tested at 2% in petrolatum, which must very likely have resulted in false-negative reactions (30). Combined allergy to minoxidil and propylene glycol has also been observed (3,13,29,39).
Humectants in Personal Care Formulation: A Practical Guide
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Propylene glycol is obtained from propylene by the cracking of propane. The propylene is converted to the chlorhydrin with chlorine water. The chlorhydrin is then converted to the glycol with a sodium carbonate solution. Propylene glycol can also be obtained from the heating of glycerin in the presence of sodium hydroxide (11).
Rehabilitation
Published in Jan de Boer, Marcel Dubouloz, Handbook of Disaster Medicine, 2020
The use of polypropylene, an ideal material for the manufacture of prostheses, was introduced in the 1980s and solved the problem of preservation as it comes in easy-to-stock sheets. This made it possible to stock the workshops with more than a year’s supply of material. However, the problem then arose of preventing the use of the propylene for other purposes, especially military, as it is a highly sought-after material. At present one can find polypropylene in some Third World countries but only with difficulty in countries at war.
Examining electronic nicotine delivery system use and perception of use among college students with and without asthma across the South
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Linda Gibson-Young, Mary Martinasek, Nauris Tamulevicius, Molly Fortner, Abdullah M. Alanazi
Intuitively, one would think asthmatics would avoid cigarettes and ENDS to avoid asthma symptoms from being triggered. However, our study did not find a difference between asthmatic and non-asthmatic groups in ENDS use in terms of ever-use, use in the past 30 days, duration of use, and frequency of use, as well as smoking traditional cigarettes. This finding is also consistent with our previous study in a Southeast University in 2014 which showed similar findings.15 There could be a few factors contributing to these findings. One possible reason is that although ENDS produces propylene glycol aerosols at levels that result in eye and upper respiratory irritations, only mild irritations have been described after exposure at 1 min.24,25 However, inhaling propylene glycol can increase the risk of developing asthma and little is known about long term effects the exposure.21,25 Other substances such as vegetable glycerin, flavoring agents and nicotine found in ENDS aerosol particles have physiological activities that also have implication on asthma.7,25 Recent studies are beginning to highlight significant morbidity and mortality issues due to ENDS use leading to more conversation to highlight effects on young adults.26–28 Thus, it is important that asthmatics and those at risk of developing asthma be educated to avoid or limit ENDS use.
Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Marc A. Williams, Gunda Reddy, Michael J. Quinn, Amy Millikan Bell
Propylene glycol and glycerin have a default (precautionary) eight hour Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 10 mg/m3 (OSHA 2015), the TLV that is set for all organic aerosol mists. For example, a prior study that associated exposure of theatrical fogs (containing propylene glycol) to respiratory symptoms (Varughese et al.2005) found a mean personal inhalable aerosol concentration of 0.70 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) (range 0.02–4.1 mg/m3). Personal exposure to propylene in the propylene glycol aerosol suggested 3–4 mg/m3 in the personal breathing zone over an eight hour period (Pellegrino et al.2012, Burstyn 2014). During e-cig vaping, if one assumes moderate to heavy daily use of the device, this amount would equate to vaping 5–25 milliliters per day (ml/day) and 50–95% propylene glycol in the liquid, which is concordant with previous reports (Etter 2010, Burstyn 2014).
Intoxication with Fireball Whiskey causing severe lactic acidosis
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Moeed Ahmed, Sunil K. Jagadesh, Mohamad Ali Alhajhusain, Sangeeta Mutnuri
Propylene glycol is a viscous, colorless liquid that possesses a faintly sweet taste. Containing two alcohol groups, it is classified as a diol. It is miscible with a wide range of solvents, including water, acetone, and chloroform. It has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use as a preservative in foods and as a solvent in pharmaceuticals.1 Unlike methanol and ethylene glycol (which cause high anion gap metabolic acidosis), it is not classified as a toxic alcohol. Cases of propylene glycol poisoning are usually related to either inappropriate intravenous administration or accidental ingestion of large quantities by children.2 Propylene glycol is also one of the ingredients used in Fireball Whiskey. We present two cases of severe lactic acidosis in the setting of Fireball Whiskey use.