China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Perception, Planning, and Scoping, Problem Formulation, and Hazard Identification
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
One may also measure biomarkers of effect. The most widespread use of this type of biomarker measurement is the level of liver enzymes. Pharmaceutical companies routinely use this sort of testing (see Box 2.2). However, there may be opportunities and motivation to discover chemical-specific biomarkers. For example, 1,3-butadiene, used in rubber manufacture, is metabolized to a highly reactive di-epoxide that reacts with both DNA and proteins; hemoglobin adducts have been shown to be a reliable biomarker of butadiene exposure.100–103 Chromosomal aberrations and the occurrence of mutations in specific genes in lymphocytes have been used as biomarkers of effect for 1,3-butadiene (see Box 2.2).89,100,104
Outdoor Emissions
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Butadiene is the number one pollutant found in the breath analyses in many chemically sensitive patients. We do not know whether this is a natural isoprene or a synthetic one. Acetic acid is often the number two chemical found in a chemically sensitive patient's breath analysis. It too could be synthetic coming from ethane generation (EHC-Dallas).
Use of Biomarkers in Health Risk Assessment
Published in Anthony P. DeCaprio, Toxicologic Biomarkers, 2006
Annette Santamaria, Laura Ferriby, Mark Harris, Dennis Paustenbach
Epidemiological studies designed to evaluate environmental or occupational exposures typically utilize exposure surrogates rather than direct measurements. For example, surrogates might include geographical location such as residence for a drinking water or air pollution study, age of housing in studies of lead-based paint exposures, or proximity of residence to electrical power lines. Occupational studies often use surrogates such as job title or job group, years worked at a plant, amount of substance produced or applied, airborne concentration of the contaminant, and tasks performed when direct measurements are not available or are limited (38). Biomarkers may serve to evaluate the completeness of exposure-assessment information by associating environmental or source information, exposure measurements, and epidemiological and human activity data with internal dose (39). For example, the 1996 study by Rothman et al. mentioned previously utilized benzidine–DNA adduct biomarkers to assess the exposure of workers to benzidine and to determine the relationship between internal dose and markers of biologically effective doses. As with hazard identification, urinary metabolites have been utilized as biomarkers for exposure to butadiene. Boogaard et al. (40) measured 1,2-dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (DHBMA) and 1- and 2-monohydroxy-3-butenyl mercapturic acid (MHBMA) due to their sensitivity as biomarkers for butadiene in an effort to evaluate exposure and establish a basis for cancer risk assessment in exposed workers (Fig. 2). The use of quantified direct measurements of personal exposures can lower uncertainty in the risk-assessment process considerably compared to the use of such exposure surrogates (12).
Carcinogenic and health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene and styrene in the petrochemical industry using the US Environmental Protection Agency method
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Vahid Ahmadi-Moshiran, Ali Asghar Sajedian, Ahmad Soltanzadeh, Fatemeh Seifi, Rozhin Koobasi, Neda Nikbakht, Mohsen Sadeghi-Yarandi
1,3-Butadiene is a colorless gas with a mild gasoline-like odor and an odor threshold value of 0.45 ppm [7]. There is a strong association between occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene and the occurrence of cancers of hemolymphatic organs, mainly leukemia [3,8,9]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has identified this chemical agent as carcinogenic to humans by inhalation and has classified 1,3-butadiene in group 1 of carcinogens [10]. In addition, previous studies have revealed that some metabolites of 1,3-butadiene are suspected of causing genetic defects [3]. Some of the hygienic effects of this compound include irritating the nervous system, eyes, nose and airways, fatigue, reducing blood pressure and ovarian atrophy [3,11,12].
Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene in the U.S. Population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2016
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Alma Nieto, Luyu Zhang, Deepak Bhandari, Wanzhe Zhu, Benjamin C. Blount, Víctor R. De Jesús
1,3-Butadiene is a volatile organic compound (VOC) with a gasoline-like odour that is primarily used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber (ATSDR 2012, OSHA 2012). This compound is also used in the polymer production of styrene-butadiene rubber and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin plastics (EPA 2002, ATSDR 2012). Environmental sources of 1,3-butadiene include industrial emissions; automobile exhaust; burning of wood, plastics, and rubber; cigarette smoke (ATSDR 2012); and cooking emissions (Huang et al. 2020). Additionally, 1,3-butadiene has been found in plastic containers and selected foods (Yurawecz et al. 1976, McNeal and Breder 1987, Abrantes et al. 2000). Inhalation is the main route of exposure. Exposure by ingestion is unlikely since 1,3-butadiene rapidly evaporates to the atmosphere. 1,3-Butadiene is poorly soluble in water; however, low levels are released to water and soil (EPA 2002, ATSDR 2012). In the United States, the reference concentration for breathing 1,3-butadiene in air is 0.9 ppb (EPA 2002); the legal occupational exposure limit is set to 1 ppm for an 8-h workday and a short-term exposure limit of 5 ppm for 5 minutes (OSHA 1996). Ambient 1,3-butadiene undergoes photo-initiated chemical breakdown and is expected to have a half-life of approximately 6 h (ATSDR 2012), or 2–10 h as estimated from inhalation studies in animals (Bond et al. 1987). Nonetheless, low levels of 1,3-butadiene are constantly present in urban and suburban areas due to automobile exhaust, biomass burning, or industrial emissions (Hendler et al. 2010, ATSDR 2012, Gallego et al. 2018, Xiong et al. 2020).